Hydrogen-Rich Water Intake Accelerates Oral Palatal Wound Healing via Activation of the Nrf2/Antioxidant Defense Pathways in a Rat Model

Figure 5

Effects of hydrogen-rich water on proinflammatory cytokines and chemokine expression in rat palatal tissue. Relative mRNA levels were detected for (a) IL-1β, (b) IL-6, (c) TNF-α, (d) MCP-1, and (e) MIP-1α by real-time PCR. Bars represent mRNA expression levels normalized to GAPDH levels and relative to the control group at 3 days after treatment. Comparisons within each time point at 3 and 7 days are shown. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM (). , : significantly different from control group at each time point.

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