Exercise Modulates Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Aging and Cardiovascular Diseases

Figure 1

Oxidative stress and inflammation overlapping signaling pathways in aging. AP-1 = activator protein-1, COX-2 = cyclooxygenase-2, cPLA2 = cytosolic phospholipase A2, ERKs = extracellular signal regulated kinases, ICAM-1 = intercellular adhesion molecule-1, IL-1 = interleukin-1, IL-8 = interleukin-8, iNOS = inducible nitric oxide synthase, JNKs = c-jun N-terminal kinases, LPO = lipoxygenase, MAPK p38 = mitogen activated protein kinase p38, PI3K = phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase, MMP-9 = matrix metalloproteinase-9, MPO = myeloperoxidase, NF-κB = nuclear factor kappa B, PGE₂ = prostaglandin E₂, PKC = protein kinase C, RONS = reactive oxygen nitrogen species, Sph1P = sphingosine-1-phosphate, TNF-α = tumor necrosis factor-alpha, VCAM-1 = vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and XO = xanthine oxidase.