The Essential Oils of Rhaponticum carthamoides Hairy Roots and Roots of Soil-Grown Plants: Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antioxidant Activities

Table 1

Percentage of composition of essential oils from Rhaponticum carthamoides roots of soil-grown plants (SGR) and hairy roots (HR).

Peak number	Constituent	RI lit	RI exp	SGR [%]	HR [%]	Class of compound
(1)	α-Pinene	936	931	0.1	0.1	MH
(2)	Oct-1-en-3-ol	962	961	—	t	O
(3)	2-Pentylfuran	981	978	—	0.8	O
(4)	α-Phellandrene	1002	998	0.2	—	MH
(5)	p-Cymene	1015	1010	0.1	t	MH
(6)	β-Phellandrene	1023	1021	t	—	MH
(7)	Limonene	1025	1022	0.4	0.6	MH
(8)	(E)-Oct-2-enal	1034	1032	—	t	O
(9)	p-Cymenene	1075	1072	0.8	—	MH
(10)	(E)-Non-2-enal	1139	1136	—	0.1	O
(11)	p-Cymen-9-ol	1157	1157	2.1	t	MO
(12)	Thymol	1267	1268	—	t	MO
(13)	Carvacrol	1278	1277	—	t	MO
(14)	(E,E)-Deca-2,4-dienal	1291	1288	—	0.1	O
(15)	Cyprotene	1322	1318	t	0.1	SH
(16)	13-Norcypera-1(5),11(12)-diene	1352	1349	1.4	15.3	SH
(17)	α-Longipinene	1360	1360	t	—	SH
(18)	Cyperadiene	1365	1361	t	0.3	SH
(19)	Cyclosativene	1370	1368	0.2	0.3	SH
(20)	α-Copaene	1379	1376	0.6	0.3	SH
(21)	α-Funebrene	1385	1382	t	—	SH
(22)	Petasitene	1398	1398	4.3	—	SH
(23)	β-Elemene	1389	1389	—	0.2	SH
(24)	Thymol methyl ether	1403	1401	—	t	MO
(25)	Cyperene	1404	1404	2.6	18.2	SH
(26)	Dehydroisolongifolene	1410	1411	0.2	1.8	SH
(27)	α-Cedrene	1418	1415	0.4	—	SH
(28)	β-Caryophyllene	1420	1418	2.7	0.2	SH
(29)	trans- -Bergamotene	1434	1433	4.2	—	SH
(30)	Sesquisabinene A	1435	1435	1.1	—	SH
(31)	β-Helmiscapene	1446	1443	—	0.2	SH
(32)	α-Helmiscapene	1447	1447	—	0.2	SH
(33)	(Z)-β-Farnesene	1447	1447	1.3	—	SH
(34)	α-Humulene	1455	1453	T	—	SH
(35)	β-Santalene	1457	1455	0.4	—	SH
(36)	Selina-3,7-diene	1460	1458	—	0.3
(37)	Rotundene	1461	1459	T	1.6	SH
(38)	α-Acoradiene	1464	1464	0.4	—	SH
(39)	γ-Gurjunene	1472	1468	—	0.1	SH
(40)	Selina-4,11-diene	1475	1472	—	0.6	SH
(41)	Dauca-4(11),8-diene	1530^a	1472	10.2	—	SH
(42)	Nardosina-1(10),11-diene	1484	1479	20.7	—	SH
(43)	β-Selinene	1486	1484	—	4.6	SH
(44)	Pentadec-1-ene	1486	1487	0.5	0.2	O
(45)	α-Muurolene	1496	1495	1.3	5.5	SH
(46)	Isorotundene	1503	1497	0.4	1.7	SH
(47)	β-Bisabolene	1503	1500	0.5	—	SH
(48)	(Z)-γ-Bisabolene	1505	1506	0.7	—	SH
(49)	Premnaspirodiene	1516	1510	—	0.2	SH
(50)	δ-Cadinene	1520	1514	0.3	0.4	SH
(51)	Cyperene oxide	1524	1521	—	1.0	SO
(52)	α-Calacorene	1527	1529	T	0.9	SH
(53)	(E)-Nerolidol	1553	1545	0.3	—	SO
(54)	β-Caryophyllene oxide	1578	1571	—	1.4	SO
(55)	α-Corocalene	1602	1602	0.2	2.0	SH
(56)	Longifolene aldehyde	1631	1620	—	0.3
(57)	2,5,8-Trimethyl-1-naphthol	—	1635	1.1	9.6	O
(58)	β-Himachalol	1638	1634	—	0.6	SO
(59)	Cadalene	1659	1658	0.6	7.2	SH
(60)	Aplotaxene	1659	1659	27.3	t	O
(61)	Cyperotundone	1684	1676	0.3	3.6	SO
(62)	Palmitic acid	1942	1946	—	1.3	O
	Total identified			89.7	81.9
	Monoterpene hydrocarbons MH			1.6	0.7
	Oxygenated monoterpenes MO			2.1	t
	Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons SH			54.7	62.2
	Oxygenated sesquiterpenes SO			0.6	6.9
	Other O			28.9	12.1

The concentrations of the main compounds were signified in bold.
RI: relative retention index on Rtx-1 column, RI lit: relative retention index of literature.
t: traces (percentage value less than 0.05%).