Effect of Cocoa Polyphenolic Extract on Macrophage Polarization from Proinflammatory M1 to Anti-Inflammatory M2 State

Figure 2

Effect of cocoa polyphenolic extract on cell viability and on macrophage M1 inflammatory state. THP-1 macrophages were stimulated with 20 ng/ml INF-γ + 100 ng/ml LPS as described under the Materials and Methods and incubated in the presence of cocoa polyphenolic extract expressed (CPE) in μΜ GAE as indicated. (a) Cell viability assayed by MTT methods was expressed as % of control (0 μΜ GAE). (b) Levels of IL-1β and (c) IL-6, determined by ELISA assay, were expressed as pg standard/ml. White bars indicate the controls, and grey scale the increasing concentrations of GAE. All data represent the means of 3/5 replicates ± standard deviation. One-way repeated measures analysis of variance, followed by Student-Newman-Keuls method. cells treated with GAE versus untreated cells; ‡ and † other concentrations versus 100 μΜ GAE.

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