Effect of Cocoa Polyphenolic Extract on Macrophage Polarization from Proinflammatory M1 to Anti-Inflammatory M2 State

Figure 3

Effect of cocoa polyphenolic extract on M1/M2 phenotype switch. Macrophage-differentiated THP-1 (M0) cells and polarized (M1, M2) cells as described under the Materials and Methods were incubated in the absence (−) and in the presence (+) of cocoa polyphenolic extract (CPE) which concentration was expressed as 100 μM GAE. Levels of (a) TNF-α, (b) IL-12, and (c) IL-10 expressed as pg/ml were measured in the collected incubation medium. Error bars represent data from 3 independent experiments: two-way repeated measures ANOVA (two-factor repetition), followed by Student-Newman-Keuls method. , , cells treated with CPE versus untreated. Comparisons M1 versus M2 within treatment: ‡ and †.

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