Effect of Cocoa Polyphenolic Extract on Macrophage Polarization from Proinflammatory M1 to Anti-Inflammatory M2 State

Figure 4

Effect of cocoa polyphenol extract on ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation in macrophage phenotypes. Macrophage-differentiated THP-1 (M0) cells and polarized (M1, M2) cells were incubated in the presence of rotenone (R) and antimycin A (Aa) as indicated under the Materials and Methods. Cellular ATP, expressed as % of control (in the absence of rotenone and antimycin A), was estimated in the absence (a) and in the presence (b) of cocoa polyphenolic extract at concentration 100 μM GAE. Error bars represent data from 3 independent experiments: two-way repeated measures ANOVA (two-factor repetition), followed by Student-Newman-Keuls method. , , cells treated with R and Aa versus untreated. Comparisons M1 versus M2 within treatment: †.

(a)

(b)