Generation and Role of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species Induced by Plasma, Lasers, Chemical Agents, and Other Systems in Dentistry

Figure 3

Free radical generation in neutrophils and macrophages during phagocytosis. Reactive species are released during phagocytosis. NADPH oxidases/NOX enzymes (NOX1, NOX2, NOX3, NOX4, and NOX5) and dual oxidases (DUOX1, DUOX2) facilitate the conversion of oxygen to superoxides using NADPH as an electron donor with ROS released as secondary products.