Generation and Role of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species Induced by Plasma, Lasers, Chemical Agents, and Other Systems in Dentistry

Table 1

ROS regulation of pathways.

Parameter	Cellular pathways	Enzymes involved	References
Exogenous or endogenous ROS	Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory response	Nrf2; Ref1	[16, 17]
	DNA damage	ATM	[16, 18]
	Iron hemostasis	IRP	[16, 17]
	Cellular proliferation, survival, differentiation	ASK1, PI3K, PTP, Shc	[16–18]

Nrf2: nuclear factor erythroid 2- (NFE2-) related factor 2; Ref1: redox-factor 1; ATM: ataxia-telangiectasia mutated; IRP: iron regulatory protein; ASK1: apoptosis signal-regulated kinase 1; PI3K: PI3 kinase; PTP: protein tyrosine phosphatase; Shc: Src homology 2 domain containing.