Generation and Role of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species Induced by Plasma, Lasers, Chemical Agents, and Other Systems in Dentistry

Table 2

Sources of ROS in dentistry.

ROS sources in dentistry	Notes	References
(1) Application of nonthermal plasma	RC plasma jet for root disinfection	[25]
	Cold plasma effect on dentin	[27]
	Plasma jets generate ROS	[28, 29]
	Sterilization of instruments	[30]
	kINPen device for wound healing	[32]
	Release of hydroxyl and other ions in biosolutions	[34]
	Removal of bacteria in gingival crevices	[35]
	APPJ for biofilm removal	[36, 37]
	P. gingivalis elimination with plasma	[38]
	Plasma results in changes in surface texture of dental implants	[40, 41]
	Cleaning of dentin for better periodontal regeneration	[43]
(2) Composites and resin cements	Monomers (after polymerization) irritate pulpal tissue and release ROS	[45–47]
	TEGMA/DPICI from GIC (light cured) release free radicals	[48]
(3) Laser	Tissue repair	[49]
	Gingivectomy	[50]
	LLLT causes ROS release by mitochondrial photostimulation	[52–54]
(4) Photodynamic therapy and light sources	PACT produces ROS, H2O2, ozone gas	[57]
	PDTa on carcinogenic biofilms releases ROS	[62]
	Adhesive materials produce ROS	[63]
	Visible light (400–500 nm) can release ROS and cause cellular damage	[63, 64]
(5) Bleaching agents and intracanal medicaments	EDTA and NaOH release free radicals that act on enamel	[65]
	TiO2 coated with hydroxyapatite release ROS	[66]
	Influence of H2O2 on odontoblasts	[67]
	Chlorhexidine + Ca(OH)2 induces ROS that destroy root pathogens	[68, 69]
(6) ROS from ionizing radiation and UV rays	Ionizing radiation release free radicals, harmful to DNA molecule	[71]
	CBCT, radiotherapy, periapical X-ray common in dentistry	[72]
	UV rays for skin treatment, elimination of cancer	[73, 74]
	Photocatalysis through UV rays	[79]

APPJ: atmospheric pressure plasma jet; P. gingivalis: Porphyromonas gingivalis; ROS: reactive oxygen species; TEGMA: triethylene glycol dimethacrylate; DPICI: diphenyliodonium chloride; LLLT: low-level laser therapy; PACT: photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy; PDTa: antimicrobial photodynamic therapy.