The Role of Oxidative Stress in the Pathomechanism of Congenital Malformations

Table 1

Summary of the markers investigating in relation to oxidative damage in Down syndrome.

Marker	DS cell/tissue	Level
SOD1	Erythrocytes	Increased
	B- and T-lymphocytes	Increased
	Fibroblasts	Increased
	Whole blood	Increased activity
Peroxiredoxin 2	Fetal brain	Decreased
CAT	Whole blood	Increased activity
Protein carbonyls	Whole blood	Increased
	Amniotic fluid	Increased
Total Glutathione GSSG	Amniotic fluid	Increased
		Increased
Trx
		Decreased
ROS	Primary human cortical cell cultures	Increased
Lipid peroxidation	Primary human cortical cell cultures	Increased
BACH1 protein	Frontal cortex tissue	Increased
Aβ40 and Aβ42	Plasma	Increased
CRB	Brain	Increased
GSH	Whole blood	Decreased
HNE-protein adducts	Amniotic fluid	Increased
HSP 70; Grp 78; HO-1	Amniotic fluid	Increased