Hyperosmotic Stress Initiates AMPK-Independent Autophagy and AMPK- and Autophagy-Independent Depletion of Thioredoxin 1 and Glyoxalase 2 in HT22 Nerve Cells

Figure 2

Rapid inhibition of mTOR after hyperosmotic stress in HT22 cells. Cells were treated for the indicated times and the indicated NaCl concentrations. Representative blot images of the phosphorylated (pmTOR) and total forms of mTOR at (a) 15-60 min () and (b) 3 h (), along with their respective quantification (d and e), and S6 ribosomal protein (pS6) blot image (c) and its respective quantification (f). For pS6 ribosomal protein, α-AMPK (15 and 60 min) and β-actin (3 and 6 h) were used as the loading controls, and sample size was 3-6, except for 6 h and 75 mM, which are presented as the average of two independent experiments. nd = not determined. Values are presented as . Statistical significance is presented as , , or .

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