Current Progress of Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases of Salvianolic Acid B

Table 1

Treatment targets, cell lines/animal models, doses, and the possible mechanism of Sal B on neurodegenerative diseases.

Treatment targets	Cell lines/animal models	Doses	Possible mechanism	References
Aβ aggregation and fiber formation	PC12 cells	10 nmol/L	Inhibit fibrogenesis of Aβ and damage the formed Aβ fiber; reduce the accumulation of reactive oxygen; inhibit the aggregation and formation of the Aβ1-40 fiber	[20]
	PC12 cells	1-100 μM	Inhibit Aβ40 fiber formation (IC50: 1.54-5.37 μM); damage the formed Aβ40 fiber (IC50: 5.00-5.19 μM); reduce the accumulation of reactive oxygen induced by Aβ25-35 aggregation	[21]
	SH-SY5Y-APPsw cells	25 μM, 50 μM, 100 μM	Decrease the protein expressions of sAPPβ and β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1; increase the levels of sAPPα and antidisintegrin and metalloprotease 10	[22]
Aβ neurotoxicity	PC12 cells	10 nmol/L, 100 nmol/L	Reduce toxicity of Aβ40	[24]
	Injury model on primary rat cortical neuron using 5 μmol/L Aβ40	0.01 μg/L, 0.10 μg/L, 1.00 μg/L	Increase cell viability; dose-dependently reduce the release rate of LDH and NO; alleviate the toxicity of Aβ40 on the cortical neuron	[25]
Tau protein hyperphosphorylation	SH-SY5Y cells after incubation with 50 nmol/L OA for 36 h	0.072 μg/mL, 0.72 μg/mL	Increase cell activity; reduce the proportion of apoptosis	[28]
	SH-SY5Y-APPsw cells	50 μM, 100 μM	Increase phosphorylation at Ser9 of GSK-3β	[22]
Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects	Rats were intraventricularly injected with Aβ25-35	10 mg/kg	Decrease the number of microglia (OX-42 positive) and astrocytes (GFAP positive); decrease the mRNA expression of iNOS and COX-2	[33]
	Mice model of traumatic brain injury	25 mg/kg	Reduce expressions of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β; increase the expression of anti-inflammatory factors IL-10 and TGF-β1	[34]
	C57BL/6J mice was exposed to 500 nM Aβ	50-400 μM	Alleviated intraneuronal glutathione (GSH) and lipid oxidation	[35]
	Microglia-neuron coculture system	50 μM for anti-inflammatoryeffect; 0.5, 5, and 50 μM for antioxidant effect	Decrease the production of NO, TNF-α, and IL-1β; decrease the mRNA expressions of iNOS, TNF-α, and IL-1β; dose-dependently reduce the amount of production of ROS in microglia cells; inhibit the activation of transcription factor NF-κB in microglia	[36]
Apoptosis	PC12 cells treated with Aβ25-35	10 nmol/L, 100 nmol/L, 1 μmol/L	Reduce the proportion of apoptosis	[20, 41]
	SH-SY5Y cells exposed to MPP+ (500 μΜ)	50 μM, 100 μM	Stabilization of mitochondrial membrane potential; decrease of apoptotic cell number and ROS production; inhibit the release of Cyt c and the activation of caspase-3; reduce bax expression to the normal level; reduce the ratio of bax/bcl-2	[43]
	PD models of SH-SY5Y exposed to 6-OHDA (100 μM) for 12 h	0.1 μM, 1 μM, 10 μM	Dose-dependently reduce the activity of caspase-3; inhibit the increase in bax and the decrease of bcl-2; increase the proportion of bcl-2/bax	[44]
Mitochondrial dysfunction	SH-SY5Y cells exposed to 6-OHDA	0.1-10 M	Attenuate the decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential and increase of intracellular Ca^2+ in a concentration-dependent manner	[44]
	Primary neurons of C57BL/6J mice exposed to Aβ	50-400 μM	Suppress excess mitochondrial superoxide generation; protect mitochondrial bioenergetics against Aβ toxicity by preserving mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP production; rescue enzymatic activities of cytochrome c oxidase and F1FO ATP synthase; mitigate axonal mitochondrial fragmentation and increased dynamin-like protein 1 phosphorylation at Ser 616	[35]
Neurogenesis	NSCs derived from the cortex of fetal mice	20 μg/mL, 40 μg/mL	Promote the proliferation of NSCs; increase the number of NSCs and cultured neurospheres; promote NSCs to differentiate into neurons	[53]
	Neural stem/precursor cells (NSPCs)	20 μM	Increase the survival rate of NSCs; maintain the self-renewal ability of NSCs by upregulating the mRNA expression of Nestin and Notch-1	[54]
	Rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion	1 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg	Increase the number of SVZ cells	[55]
	Bone marrow-derived neural stem cells (BM-NSCs)	5 mg/mL, 20 mg/mL, 40 mg/mL	Promote nestin-positive BM-NSCs to mainly differentiate into NF-M-positive neurons and NG2-positive oligodendrocytes; few of them differentiated into GFAP-positive astrocytes	[56]