Resumption of Autophagy by Ubisol-Q₁₀ in Presenilin-1 Mutated Fibroblasts and Transgenic AD Mice: Implications for Inhibition of Senescence and Neuroprotection

Figure 4

(a, c) Inhibition of autophagy via SP600125 leads to reduced autophagosome formation (blue) and an increase in oxidative stress (green) in PSAF following treatment with Ubisol-Q₁₀. PSAF starved of Ubisol-Q₁₀ returned to AD morphology. Cells were incubated with monodansylcadaverine (MDC) to visualize autophagic vacuoles. Cells were also incubated with 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate which is oxidized to fluorescent 2,7-dichlorofluorescein (DCF) for visualization of reactive oxidative species (ROS) production. (b, d) Similarly to DCF, immunofluorescence staining for 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) a peroxidized lipid and an oxidative stress indicator was reduced in Ubisol-Q₁₀-treated PSAF. Ubisol-Q₁₀-treated PSAF incubated in SP600125 and PSAF starved of Ubisol-Q₁₀ for 48 hours showed increased staining for 4-HNE similar to untreated PSAF. Micrographs were taken at 200x. .

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