Dietary Supplementation of the Antioxidant Curcumin Halts Systemic LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation-Associated Neurodegeneration and Memory/Synaptic Impairment via the JNK/NF-κB/Akt Signaling Pathway in Adult Rats

Figure 4

Curcumin treatment improves memory impairment and increases the expression level of synaptic proteins. (a–c) Immunoblot and confocal analysis indicating the expression of synaptic proteins including SNAP-25 and PSD95 in the hippocampus of the saline-treated group, LPS-treated group, and LPS+curcumin-treated group ( for western and for confocal). Each immunoblot was probed with an anti-β-actin antibody as a loading control. Bands were quantified with Sigma gel software. FITC (green) showing the immunoreactivity of the related antibodies while DAPI (blue) showing the nucleus of the cell. The number of experiments was repeated 3 times (). ImageJ software was used for the quantification of confocal analysis. (d) The related histogram representing a total of 5 days of latency of the control, LPS, and LPS+curcumin groups. (e) The histogram represents the number of crossings during the probe test among the control, LPS, and LPS+curcumin groups. (f) Graphical representation showing time spent in the target quadrant by control, LPS, and LPS+curcumin. (g) The representative histogram shows the spontaneous alteration (%) in the Y-maze test. (h) Showing the trajectories of the water maze test.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)