Astragaloside IV Attenuates Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury from Oxidative Stress by Regulating Succinate, Lysophospholipid Metabolism, and ROS Scavenging System

Table 1

Metabolites identified from ¹H NMR spectra and the differential ones contributed to group classification.

No.	Metabolites	Chemical shifts	Assignments	Model vs. control			Astragaloside IV vs. model
				VIP value	value	log2(FC)	VIP value	value	log2(FC)
1	Isoleucine	0.94 (t), 1.02 (d), 1.26 (m), 1.47 (m), 1.98 (m), 3.67 (d)	δ-CH3, γ-CH3, γ-CH2, β-CH, α-CH	1.2539	0.002	-0.9454	—	—	—
2	Leucine	0.95 (d), 0.96 (d), 1.71 (m), 3.74 (m)	δ, δ-CH3, β-CH2, γ-CH, α-CH	1.0915	0.009	-1.1450	—	—	—
3	Valine	1.00 (d), 1.05 (d), 2.27 (m), 3.61 (d)	γ-CH3, γ-CH3, β-CH, α-CH	1.2352	0.002	-1.1168	—	—	—
4	3-HB	1.22 (d), 2.31 (dd), 2.40 (dd), 4.15 (q)	CH3, CH2, CH	1.1132	0.007	-1.4905	—	—	—
5	Lactate	1.33 (d), 4.11 (q)	CH3, CH	1.3363	0.001	-1.9110	1.2059	0.047	1.0468
6	2-PP	1.43 (d), 3.64 (q)	CH3, CH	1.4707	0.001	-1.4671	1.2249	0.043	0.7255
7	Alanine	1.48 (d), 3.81 (m)	β-CH3, α-CH	1.0395	0.014	-0.9862	—	—	—
8	Acetate	1.92 (s)	CH3	—	—	—	—	—	—
9	Lysine	1.73 (m), 1.46 (m), 1.90 (m), 3.75 (m)	δ-CH2, γ-CH2, β-CH2, α-CH	1.1616	0.004	-0.9695	1.2591	0.036	0.4663
10	Glutamate	2.07 (m), 2.14 (m), 2.36 (m), 3.77 (m)	β-CH2, γ-CH2, α-CH	1.3332	0.001	-1.2331	1.2872	0.032	0.7509
11	Glutamine	2.15 (m), 2.46 (m), 3.80 (m)	β-CH2, γ-CH2, α-CH	1.3252	0.001	-1.5938	1.2292	0.042	0.9606
12	Succinate	2.42 (s)	CH2	1.317	0.001	-2.6171	1.4103	0.016	1.0785
13	Glutathione	2.56 (m), 2.15 (m), 3.76 (m)	γ-CH2, β-CH2, α-CH	1.2633	0.001	-1.2502	1.2127	0.046	0.6937
14	Aspartate	2.68 (dd), 2.81 (dd), 3.90 (m)	β-CH2, α-CH	1.4143	0.001	-2.8847	1.4946	0.009	1.5418
15	Asparagine	2.90 (dd), 4.00 (m)	β-CH2, α-CH	1.2156	0.002	-1.5568	—	—	—
16	TMA	2.92 (s)	CH3	—	—	—	—	—	—
17	Creatine	3.04 (s), 3.93 (s)	CH3, CH2	1.0443	0.013	-1.3208	1.3512	0.022	0.4632
18	Choline	3.21 (s)	-N(CH3)3	1.2029	0.003	-1.0859	—	—	—
19	GPC	3.22 (s)	-N(CH3)3	1.0832	0.009	-1.1119	—	—	—
20	Carnitine	3.23 (s)	-N(CH3)3	1.0921	0.009	-1.2129	1.3242	0.026	0.5116
21	Taurine	3.26 (t), 3.43 (t)	N-CH2, S-CH2	1.2997	0.001	-1.4200	1.3163	0.027	1.0468
22	Methanol	3.36 (s)	CH3	—	—		—	—	—
23	Glycerol	3.56 (dd), 3.65 (dd), 3.79 (m)	CH2, CH	1.1959	0.003	-1.3804	1.7648	0.001	0.8321
24	Glycine	3.56 (s)	−CH2−NH2	1.2479	0.002	-1.0945	—	—	—
25	Inosine	3.84 (dd), 3.91 (dd), 4.28 (m), 4.44 (dd), 6.11 (d), 8.23 (s), 8.35 (s)	17-CH2, 5-CH, 4-CH, 2-CH, 12-CH, 7-CH	1.2668	0.001	-1.8160	1.3022	0.029	0.7268
26	Serine	3.96 (m); 3.84 (m)	β-CH2, α-CH	1.1686	0.004	-1.2163	1.4665	0.011	0.6898
27	Threonate	4.01 (d), 3.97 (m), 3.63 (dd)	2-CH, 3-CH, 4-CH2	1.3418	0.001	-1.3562	1.5293	0.007	0.9188
28	Threonine	1.32 (d), 4.22 (m), 3.58 (m)	γ-CH3, β-CH, α-CH	1.4887	0.001	-1.7117	1.5064	0.008	0.9664
29	Glucose	5.24 (d), 4.65 (d)	(α) 1-CH, (β) 1-CH	1.332	0.001	-1.4715	1.4316	0.014	1.0181
30	Mannose	5.19 (d), 4.89 (d)	(α) 1-CH, (β) 1-CH	1.2556	0.002	-2.3335	1.2752	0.034	1.2687
31	Sucrose	5.40 (d)	(Glucose) 1-CH	1.1204	0.007	-3.4659	—	—	—
32	Cytidine	6.05 (d), 7.83 (d)	5-CH, 6-CH	1.2756	0.001	-1.5560	1.4658	0.011	1.9998
33	Uracil	5.80 (d), 7.53 (d)	5-CH, 6-CH	—	—	—	—	—	—
34	Guanosine	5.90 (d), 8.00 (s)	2-CH, 11-CH	1.1306	0.006	-3.1140	1.3569	0.022	1.5474
35	Fumarate	6.52 (s)	CH	—	—	—	—	—	—
36	Tyrosine	6.89 (m), 7.19 (m)	2-CH, 6-CH, 3-CH, 5-CH	1.1655	0.004	-0.9610	—	—	—
37	Histidine	7.11 (s), 7.89 (s)	5-CH, 2-CH	—	—	—	—	—	—
38	Phenylalanine	7.33 (m), 7.38 (m), 7.42 (m)	2-CH, 6-CH, 4-CH, 3-CH, 5-CH	1.2019	0.003	-0.7999	—	—	—
39	Nicotinurate	7.60 (m), 8.24 (m), 8.72 (m), 8.94 (m)	5-CH, 4-CH, 6-CH, 2-CH	1.3414	0.001	-1.1851	—	—	—
40	Uridine	5.89 (d), 7.87 (d)	5-CH, 6-CH	1.4161	0.001	-2.1078	1.6107	0.004	1.2031
41	Xanthine	7.96 (s)	2-CH	—	—	—	—	—	—
42	Oxypurinol	8.19 (s)	9-CH	—	—	—	—	—	—
43	AMP	6.13 (d), 8.22 (s), 8.58 (s)	2-CH, 12-CH, 7-CH	—	—	—	—	—	—
44	ADP	6.13 (d), 8.26 (s), 8.52 (s)	2-CH, 12-CH, 7-CH	—	—	—	—	—	—
45	ATP	6.13 (d), 8.26 (s), 8.51 (s)	2-CH, 12-CH, 7-CH	—	—	—	—	—	—
46	Formate	8.46 (s)	CHO	—	—	—	—	—	—

VIP: variable important for the projection; FC: fold change; 3-HB: 3-hydroxybutyrate; 2-PP: 2-phenylpropionate; TMA: trimethylamine; GPC: glycerophosphocholine; AMP: adenosine monophosphate; ADP: adenosine diphosphate; ATP: adenosine triphosphate.