Melatonin Attenuates Calcium Deposition from Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells by Activating Mitochondrial Fusion and Mitophagy via an AMPK/OPA1 Signaling Pathway

Figure 4

Effects of melatonin on mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening time, ATP production, and mitochondrial respiratory function in β-GP-treated VSMCs (/group). (a, b) The change of membrane potential (ΔΨm) by JC-1 staining. (c) Result of arbitrary mPTP opening time. (d) Result of cellular ATP levels. (e–g) Results of mitochondrial respiratory complex (CIII-core2, CII-30, and CIV-II) mRNA expression. (h, i) Results of glucose uptake and lactic acid production. (j, k) Results of mitochondrial State 3/4 respiratory rate. vs. Con, ^# vs. β-GP, and ^& vs. β-GP+Mel.

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