The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species and Nitric Oxide in the Inhibition of Trichophyton rubrum Growth by HaCaT Cells

Figure 11

Transmission electron micrographs of T. rubrum+HaCaT cell intervention alone and T. rubrum+DPI(L-NMMA) pretreatment+HaCaT cells at 24 h (×15.0 k). The T+HaCaT group means that the HaCaT cells were cocultured with T. rubrum. The T+DPI+HaCaT group is the T. rubrum+DPI(1.0 μM)+HaCaT cell group, and the T+L-NMMA+HaCaT group is the T. rubrum+L-NMMA(0.4 mM)+HaCaT cell group. The blue arrow points to the normal fungal internal structures, such as the cell wall, plasma membrane, and organelles. The green arrow points to vacuoles, and the orange arrow points to cell deformation, an irregular plasma membrane and a cell wall that varied in thickness at certain sites.