Effect of Maternal Marginal Zinc Deficiency on Development, Redox Status, and Gene Expression Related to Oxidation and Apoptosis in an Avian Embryo Model

Table 1

Composition and nutrients levels of the basal diets for laying duck breeders during the experimental period (as-fed basis).

Item (%)	Laying period
Corn	51.67
Soybean meal	17.70
Corn gluten meal	7.75
Wheat middlings	8.97
Lard	1.84
Dicalcium phosphate	1.80
Limestone	8.50
Sodium chloride	0.30
DL-methionine	0.27
L-Lysine·HCl	0.20
Vitamin and mineral premix^1	1.00
Total	100
Nutrient composition
Calculated value (%)
Metabolizable energy (MJ/kg)	11.63
Crude protein^2	18.51
Calcium^2	3.70
Total phosphate	0.60
Nonphytin phosphorus	0.44
Lysine	0.91
Methionine	0.57
Methionine+cysteine	0.84
Zinc^2	29.2

¹Provided per kilogram of diet without Zn addition: vitamin A, 5,000 IU; vitamin D₃, 800 IU; vitamin E, 20 IU; thiamine, 2.0 mg; riboflavin, 15 mg; pyridoxine, 4.0 mg; vitamin B₁₂, 0.02 mg; calcium pantothenate, 10 mg; folate, 0.15 mg; niacin, 60 mg; biotin, 0.20 mg; choline (choline chloride), 1,500 mg; Cu (CuSO₄·5H₂O), 8 mg; Fe (FeSO₄·7H₂O), 80 mg; Mn (MnSO₄·H₂O), 100 mg; Se (NaSeO₃), 0.3 mg; and I (KI), 0.4 mg. ²Analysed values based on triplicate determinations.