Endogenous Vasoactive Peptides and Vascular Aging-Related Diseases

Figure 3

The protective effects of apelin-13 on vascular cell senescence. By binding to APJ, apelin-13 inhibits EC senescence and VSMC calcification via AMPK/SIRT1, MAPK, and PI3K/Akt pathways. Abbreviations: Akt: protein kinase B; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; APJ: apelin receptor; EC: endothelial cell; ERS: endoplasmic reticulum stress; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SIRT1: sirtuin1; VSMC: vascular smooth muscle cell.