Endogenous Vasoactive Peptides and Vascular Aging-Related Diseases

Figure 6

The mechanisms of IMD in attenuating vascular aging-related diseases. By binding to CRLR and three RAMPs nonselectively, IMD inhibits VSMC osteogenic transdifferentiation, macrophage and VSMC apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation via different signaling pathways, such as cAMP/PKA, ERS-CHOP, and PI3K/Akt, and thus protects against vascular aging-related diseases. Abbreviations: IMD: intermedin; CRLR: calcitonin receptor-like receptor; RAMP: receptor activity-modifying protein; cAMP: cyclic adenosine monophosphate; PKA: protein kinase A; SIRT1: sirtuin1; VSMC: vascular smooth muscle cell; ERS: endoplasmic reticulum stress; CHOP: C/EBP-homologous protein; NLRP3: NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase; Akt: protein kinase B; NOX4: NADPH oxidase enzyme 4.