Endogenous Vasoactive Peptides and Vascular Aging-Related Diseases

Figure 8

The mechanisms of CST in attenuating vascular dysfunction. CST activates three kinds of receptor including SSTRs, GHSR, and MrgX2 to exert different biological effects such as inhibit VSMC osteogenic transdifferentiation, proliferation, or apoptosis. Abbreviations: CST: cortistatin; ERS: endoplasmic reticulum stress; GHSR: growth hormone secretagogue receptor; GSK3β: glycogen synthase kinase 3β; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MrgX2: Mas-related gene X-2 receptor; PKC: protein kinase C; SSTR: somatostatin receptor; VSMC: vascular smooth muscle cell.