Association of Serum Homocysteine with Cardiovascular and All-Cause Mortality in Adults with Diabetes: A Prospective Cohort Study
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of diabetic patients across quartiles of serum homocysteine.
Variables
Homocysteine (μmol/L)
Quartile 1
Quartile 2
Quartile 3
Quartile 4
for trend
()
()
()
()
Homocysteine (μmol/L)
Age (years)
<0.001
Male (%)
36.6
51.35
55.54
59.59
<0.001
Race/ethnicity (%)
Non-Hispanic white
53.04
66.18
66.6
69.64
<0.001
Non-Hispanic black
15.51
13.58
14.23
18.48
0.270
Hispanic-Mexican
13.18
6.842
6.373
4.386
<0.001
Other ethnicity
18.26
13.4
12.8
7.496
<0.001
Smoking status
<0.001
Never smoking
60.07
47.05
42.28
39.35
Former smoker
22.25
33.85
36.48
43.65
Current smoker
17.68
19.1
21.23
17
Physical activity (%)
<0.001
Inactive
43.59
49.98
49.47
65.81
Moderate activity
30.07
31.61
33.15
27.5
Vigorous activity
26.34
18.41
17.39
6.69
BMI (kg/m2)
0.001
Hypertension (%)
54.24
69.98
72.39
80.75
<0.001
Waist circumference (cm)
0.860
Cardiovascular disease (%)
12.65
23.12
31.09
44.03
<0.001
Cancer (%)
7.008
14.68
15.1
17.04
<0.001
TC/HDL-C ratio
0.672
HbA1c (%)
<0.001
Plasma glucose (mmol/L)
<0.001
Insulin (pmol/L)
0.340
HbA1c (mmol/mol)
<0.001
eGFR (mL/min per 1.73m2)
<0.001
UACR (mg/g)
<0.001
C-reactive protein (mg/dL)
0.085
C-peptide (nmol/L)
0.653
Metformin use (%)
34.17
31.14
33.4
25.72
0.041
Diabetic complications (%)
31.57
33.75
36.92
47.82
<0.001
Retinopathy (%)
16.99
19.26
17.23
25.32
0.021
Foot ulcer (%)
4.41
2.746
6.855
9.399
0.006
Peripheral neuropathy (%)
19.53
21.6
25.06
31.77
0.001
Duration of diabetes (year)
<0.001
Serum B12 (pmol/mL)
0.189
Serum folate (nmol/L)
0.653
Data are represented as the weighted proportion (%) or . for trend was estimated with linear regression for continuous variables and with logistic regression for categorical variables. BMI: body mass index; CVD: cardiovascular disease; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance; Hcy: homocysteine; TC: total cholesterol; UACR: urinary albumin-creatinine ratio.
