Association of Visit-to-Visit Variability in Fasting Plasma Glucose with Digestive Cancer Risk

Table 1

Baseline characteristics according to quartiles of FPG variability assessed by SD.

Variables	Total	Quartile 1	Quartile 2	Quartile 3	Quartile 4	value
Age (y)						<0.01
Male sex,	77,492 (78.94)	19,078 (77.20)	18,969 (76.95)	19,319 (79.69)	20,126 (81.97)	<0.01
Comorbidities
Hypertension,	15,471 (15.76)	3203 (12.96)	3429 (13.91)	3807 (15.70)	5032 (20.49)	<0.01
Diabetes mellitus,	4383 (4.47)	325 (1.32)	325 (1.32)	533 (2.20)	3200 (13.03)	<0.01
Dyslipidemia,	4638 (4.72)	933 (3.78)	1031 (4.18)	1179 (4.86)	1495 (6.09)	<0.01
CKD, ,	8354 (8.51)	1975 (7.99)	1891 (7.67)	1973 (8.14)	2515 (10.24)	<0.01
Family history of cancer	3919 (3.99)	898 (3.63)	980 (3.98)	981 (4.05)	1060 (4.32)	<0.01
Medications
Antihypertensive agents,	14,387 (14.66)	2917 (11.80)	3171 (12.86)	3546 (14.63)	4753 (19.36)	<0.01
Hypoglycemic agents,	3799 (3.87)	271 (1.10)	265 (1.08)	458 (1.89)	2805 (11.42)	<0.01
Lipid-lowering agents,	978 (1.00)	155 (0.63)	203 (0.82)	237 (0.98)	383 (1.56)	<0.01
Lifestyle
Current smoker,	33,502 (34.13)	8290 (33.55)	8131 (32.98)	8521 (35.15)	8560 (34.86)	<0.01
Current alcohol use,	34,711 (35.36)	8822 (35.70)	8557 (34.71)	8815 (36.36)	8517 (34.69)	<0.01
Regular exercise,	68,808 (70.10)	17,611 (71.26)	17,270 (70.06)	16,848 (69.50)	17,079 (69.56)	<0.01
Low-income level,	51,315 (52.28)	13,401 (54.23)	12,717 (51.59)	12,388 (51.10)	12,809 (52.17)	<0.01
Health examination
Body weight (kg)						<0.01
BMI (kg/m^2)						<0.01
RHR (bpm)						<0.01
SBP (mmHg)						<0.01
DBP (mmHg)						<0.01
FPG (mmol/L)						<0.01
TC (mmol/L)						<0.01
^†TG (mmol/L)	1.29 (0.92, 1.92)	1.23 (0.87, 1.81)	1.24 (0.89, 1.83)	1.30 (0.92, 1.89)	1.40 (1.01, 2.13)	<0.01
LDL-C (mmol/L)						0.06
HDL-C (mmol/L)						<0.01
Scr (μmol/L)						<0.01
eGFR (mL/min)						<0.01
The number of FPG measurements						<0.01
2	41,828 (42.61)	13,518 (54.70)	8992 (36.48)	8779 (36.21)	10,539 (42.92)
3	56,333 (57.39)	11,195 (45.30)	15,659 (63.52)	15,464 (63.79)	14,015 (57.08)
FPG variability
^†CV	8.14 (4.56, 13.20)	2.69 (1.50, 3.70)	6.39 (5.48, 7.40)	10.44 (9.16, 11.92)	18.25 (15.13, 24.04)	<0.01
^†ARV	0.54 (0.30, 0.94)	0.18 (0.10, 0.25)	0.42 (0.35, 0.52)	0.71 (0.59, 0.86)	1.39 (1.09, 2.02)	<0.01
^†VIM	0.43 (0.24, 0.71)	0.14 (0.08, 0.19)	0.33 (0.28, 0.38)	0.55 (0.49, 0.62)	1.03 (0.84, 1.53)	<0.01

Note: Q1: standard deviation of ; Q2: deviation of ; Q3: deviation of ; Q4: standard deviation of . Low-income level: renminbi/month. Continuous variables are presented as , and categorical variables are presented as percentage. Abbreviations: ARV: average real variability; BMI: body mass index; CKD: chronic kidney disease; CV: coefficient of variance; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; RHR: resting heart rate; SBP: systolic blood pressure; SD: standard deviation; Scr: serum creatinine levels; TC: total cholesterol; TG: triglyceride; VIM: variability independent of mean. The eGFR was calculated using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was defined as an eGFR (calculated using the modification of diet in renal disease formula) under 60 mL/min at the baseline of health examination. ^†Triglyceride levels and the SD, CV, ARV, and VIM of fasting plasma glucose levels are presented as median (interquartile range).