Research Article
Insulin-Related Liver Pathways and the Therapeutic Effects of Aerobic Training, Green Coffee, and Chlorogenic Acid Supplementation in Prediabetic Mice
Figure 1
Research design. (a) Methodology. Induction of prediabetes has been shown during interventions (first intervention [12 weeks, mice were divided into control (Ctrl) and prediabetic (PD) groups]) and treatment (second intervention [10 weeks, PD were randomly divided into 6 groups: prediabetes group (PD), 2 prediabetes groups treated with green coffee (PD/GC), 3 prediabetes group treated with chlorogenic acid (PD/CGA), 4 prediabetes groups treated with aerobic training (PD/EX), 5 prediabetes group treated with aerobic training and green coffee (PD/EX.GC), and 6 prediabetes group treated with aerobic training and chlorogenic acid (PD/EX.CGA).]). All mice were euthanized at the end of the 22nd week. (b)Measurement. Insulin-related and glycolysis pathways.IRS1/2, insulin receptor substrate 1; PI3K, phosphoinositide-3 kinase; AKT, protein kinase B; GSK3, glycogen synthase kinase 3; GYS2, glycogen synthase 2; FOXO1, forkhead box protein O1; G6PC2, glucose-6-phosphatase 2; PEPCK, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. GK, glucokinase; F6P, fructose 6-phosphate; PFKL, phosphofructokinase, liver type; F16BP, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate; PK, pyruvatekinase.
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