Tardive Dyskinesia Development, Superoxide Dismutase Levels, and Relevant Genetic Polymorphisms

Table 1

Studies found using PubMed.

Author of study	Title of study	Goal of study	Results of study
(1) Wu et al. [7]	Association of altered CuZn superoxide dismutase and cognitive impairment in schizophrenia patients with tardive dyskinesia	Investigate the activity of CuZnSOD	There is reduced CuZnSOD activity in TD patients compared with patients without TD.
(2) Wu et al. [22]	Mn-superoxide dismutase activity is associated with orofacial involuntary movements in schizophrenia patients with tardive dyskinesia	Investigate the role of OS in SCZ patients with TD	MnSOD activity was lower in TD patients than in non-TD patients.
(3) Zhang et al. [10]	Interaction between polymorphisms of the dopamine D3 receptor and manganese superoxide dismutase genes in susceptibility to tardive dyskinesia	The impact of a polymorphism in the dopamine D3 receptor and its interaction with MnSOD in TD patients	The combination of the MnSOD -9val and DRD3 9ser alleles was associated with TD.
(4) Wu et al. [6]	Cognition impairment in schizophrenia patients with tardive dyskinesia: association with plasma superoxide dismutase activity	The function of OS in TD patients and the cognitive problems associated with MnSOD	Patients with TD had a lower RBANS score than the non-TD group.
(5) Liu et al. [43]	Association of the manganese superoxide dismutase gene Ala-9Val polymorphism with clinical phenotypes and tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenic patients	If the MnSOD gene and the Ala-9Val polymorphism was associated with AP-induced TD	The MnSOD gene with the Ala-9Val polymorphism was not associated with TD.
(6) Zhang et al. [44]	The effect of vitamin E treatment on tardive dyskinesia and blood superoxide dismutase: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial	The effect of vitamin E on SOD	There was a greater reduction in the AIMS score with vitamin E treatment compared with the placebo. Blood SOD levels were increased after treatment with vitamin E.
(7) Su et al. [45]	Relationship between tardive dyskinesia and the polymorphism of superoxide dismutase val9Ala and efficacy of Chaihu Taoren capsules on it	The gene distribution rate of Val9Ala gene was analyzed and the therapeutic effect of CTD was analyzed on patients with TD	There was no difference in allelic gene frequency of SOD Val9Ala among the groups (TD, without TD).
(8) Pae [20]	Additive effect between quinine oxidoreductase gene (NQO1: Pro187Ser) and manganese superoxide dismutase gene (MnSOD: Ala-9Val) polymorphisms on tardive dyskinesia in patients with schizophrenia	Whether there is an interaction between the NQO1 Pro187Ser and MnSOD Ala-9Val gene polymorphisms in TD	The combined genotypes of T/T in NQO1 Pro187Ser and Val/Val in MnSOD Ala-9Val polymorphisms were associated with a higher TD risk.
(9) Tsai et al. [46]	Markers of glutamatergic neurotransmission and oxidative stress associated with tardive dyskinesia	To study if neuroleptics enhance striatal glutamatergic neurotransmission via blocking the presynaptic dopamine receptors	TD patients had higher concentrations of N-acetylaspartate, N-acetylaspartylglutamate, and aspartate in their CSF compared with patients without TD.
(10) Yamada et al. [9]	Low superoxide dismutase activity in schizophrenic patients with tardive dyskinesia	To analyze the association between erythrocyte SOD activity and TD	There was a decrease in erythrocyte SOD activity in the TD group compared with the non-TD group.
(11) Gałecki et al. [8]	Pro- and antioxidant processes in schizophrenics with tardive dyskinesia	An assessment of SOD, catalase, glutathione peroxidase activity, and lipid peroxidation in blood platelets of patients with or without TD	SCZ patients with TD had lower CuZnSOD activity than patients without TD.
(12) Zhang et al. [11]	Pharmacogenetic assessment of antipsychotic-induced tardive dyskinesia: contribution of 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptor gene and of a combination of dopamine D3 variant allele (Gly) and MnSOD wild allele (Val)	Whether the functional polymorphisms in the dopamine D2 receptor and dopamine D3 receptor genes associated with TD	The excess of the -697 variant in the promoter regulation of the HTR2C gene may be a risk factor for TD.
(13) Hitzeroth et al. [47]	Association between the MnSOD Ala-9Val polymorphism and development of schizophrenia and abnormal involuntary movements in the Xhosa population	Whether the polymorphism (Ala-9Val) in the MnSOD gene was associated with SCZ	MnSOD Ala-9Val polymorphism may modulate the severity of TD.
(14) Al Hadithy et al. [48]	Missense polymorphisms in three oxidative-stress enzymes (GSTP1, SOD2, and GPX1) and dyskinesias in Russian psychiatric inpatients from Siberia	To examine the relationship of TD and OS	An association between MnSOD Ala-9Val and TD orofaciolingual was found.
(15) Bošković et al. [21]	Association of SOD2, GPX1, CAT, and TNF genetic polymorphisms with oxidative stress, neurochemistry, psychopathology, and extrapyramidal symptoms in schizophrenia	To evaluate polymorphisms of Mn SOD2Val16Ala, glutathione peroxidase GPX1Pro200Leu, catalase CAT-262C>T, CATc.66+78C>T, and TNF-alpha TNF-308G>A by assessing their association with OS and TD	No role for the polymorphisms SOD2Val16Ala, CAT-262C>T, and GPX1Pro200Leu was found in TD.
(16) Kang et al. [12]	Manganese superoxide dismutase gene Ala-9Val polymorphism might be related to the severity of abnormal involuntary movements in Korean schizophrenic patients	Whether the MnSOD gene and Ala-9Val polymorphism is associated with TD	The study does not claim that the MnSOD gene Ala-9Val polymorphism was associated with TD.