Associations among S100A4, Sphingosine-1-Phosphate, and Pulmonary Function in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Table 1

Demographic information and clinical characteristics.

Variable	CTRL ()	COPD ()
Age (years)			0.201
Male, (%)	100 (71.9)	103 (74.1)	0.394
Ex-smoker, (%)	42 (30.2)	113 (75.3)	<0.001
WBC (10^9/L)	5.90 (5.37, 6.81)	6.80 (5.11, 8.90)	<0.05
Neutrophil (10^9/L)	3.08 (2.58, 3.88)	4.61 (3.28, 6.72)	<0.05
Lymphocyte (10^9/L)	2.17 (1.88, 2.59)	1.20 (0.82, 1.49)	<0.01
Eosinophil (10^9/L)	0.13 (0.07, 0.18)	0.11 (0.03, 0.19)	0.365
Monocyte (10^9/L)	0.41 (0.33, 0.50)	0.56 (0.38, 0.75)	0.071
Basophil (10^9/L)	0.01 (0.01, 0.02)	0.02 (0.01, 0.03)	0.541
FEV1 (%)	N.A.	44.5 (30.7, 68.5)	N.A.
FEV1/FVC (%)	N.A.	53.3 (44.1, 71.5)	N.A.
FEV1 (L)	N.A.	0.94 (0.66, 1.35)	N.A.
FVC (L)	N.A.	1.90 (1.40, 2.31)	N.A.
CRP (μg/mL)	3.2 (1.6, 16.9)	8.8 (2.2, 54.9)	<0.01
IL-6 (pg/mL)	2.5 (1.0, 10.5)	6.0 (2.0, 21.3)	<0.01

WBC: white blood cell; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in one second; FVC: forced vital capacity; IL-6: interleukin-6; CRP: C-reactive protein; N.A.: not available.