Autophagy-Mediated Inflammatory Cytokine Secretion in Sporadic ALS Patient iPSC-Derived Astrocytes

Figure 3

Autophagy-related variables in control and ALS astrocytes. (a) Immunoblots of LC3B-I/II and p62. (b,c) Bar graphs showing the densitometric quantification of (b) LC3B-II/I and (c) p62. (d, e) Immunofluorescent staining of p62 in (d) control and (e) ALS astrocytes. (f) Bar graph showing the absolute fluorescent intensities of p62 immunostaining in control and ALS astrocytes. (g–j) Transmission electron microscopy of autophagosomes in (g, h) control and (i, j) ALS astrocytes. (k) Bar graph showing the mean number of autophagosomes in control and ALS astrocytes. (l) Immunoblots of proteins in the mTOR-autophagy pathway: p-beclin1 (Ser15), beclin1, p-ULK1(Ser757), ULK1, p-mTOR (Ser2448), and mTOR. (m–r) Bar graphs showing the densitometric quantification (m) beclin1, (n) p-beclin1 Ser15, (o) ULK1, (p) p-ULK1 Ser757, (q) mTOR, and (r) p-mTOR (Ser2448). represents , represents , and represents . mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin; p-mTOR: phosphorylated mTOR; ULK1: Unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; p-ULK1: phosphorylated ULK1; LC3B: microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B; and GAPDH: glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase.