Early Development of Cardiac Fibrosis in Young Old-Father Offspring

Figure 5

Identification of activated proteins in the TGF-β signaling pathway. (a) Heat maps of proteins identified in the TGF-β pathway. Differentially phosphorylated proteins were color-coded, with red representing higher levels of protein expression and green suggesting lower levels. (b) Histogram showing the number of upregulated and downregulated proteins in the TGF-β pathway in OF, YF, OFO L-NAME, and YFO L-NAME animal groups. (c) Analysis of protein-protein interaction networks within the TGF-β pathway. The STRING Protein-Protein Interaction Network (v.11.0) program creates networks that show interactions between proteins identified when comparing OFO L-NAME to YFO L-NAME, analogous to OF versus YF. The interaction’s intensity is reflected in the line thickness.

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