α-Lipoic Acid-Plus Ameliorates Endothelial Injury by Inhibiting the Apoptosis Pathway Mediated by Intralysosomal Cathepsins in an In Vivo and In Vitro Endothelial Injury Model

Figure 3

Changes in cathepsin B/D, cleaved caspase-3, and Bax after DFO and LAP treatments under CAII conditions. (a, b) Western blot revealed cathepsin B/D, cleaved caspase-3, and Bax expression levels in the endothelium. (c–f) The mean values of the protein levels of cathepsin B/D, cleaved caspase-3, and Bax in the sham group were normalized to 1.0. (g, i) IF analysis was performed using cathepsin B/D antibodies (red), and the nuclei were fluorescently labeled with DAPI (blue). (h, j) The mean value of the fluorescence intensity of the sham group was normalized to 1.0. Scale bar, 100 μm. Data are shown as . vs. the sham group; vs. CAII+vehicle group; ^$ and ^$$vs. CAII+DFO group; .

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