Higher Rumination Tendency Is Associated with Reduced Positive Effects of Daily Activity Participation in People with Depressive Disorder
Table 1
A summary of the demographic and clinical characteristics of participants in the current study ().
Variable
Higher rumination
Lower rumination
Total
Number of subjects ()
88 (61.54%)
55 (38.46%)
143 (100%)
Gender
<0.001
Female
72 (81.82%)
30 (54.55%)
102 (71.33%)
Male
16 (18.18%)
25 (45.45%)
41 (28.67%)
Age (years)
0.046
Onset age of illness (years)
0.182
Duration of illness (years)
0.414
BDI-II
<0.001
Diagnosis
0.043
Major depression
37 (42.05%)
33 (60.00%)
70 (48.95%)
0.041
Bipolar I with most recent episode of depression
16 (18.18%)
5 (9.09%)
21 (14.69%)
0.153
Bipolar II
22 (25.00%)
6 (10.91%)
28 (19.58%)
0.051
Dysthymic disorder
13 (14.77%)
11 (20.00%)
24 (16.78%)
0.492
Education
0.232
Elementary school
3 (3.45%)
7 (12.73%)
10 (7.04%)
0.046
Junior high school
8 (9.20%)
5 (9.09%)
13 (9.15%)
1.000
Senior high school
38 (43.68%)
22 (40.00%)
60 (42.25%)
0.729
College
38 (43.68%)
21 (38.18%)
59 (41.55%)
0.601
Missing
1
0
1
Marriage
0.004
Unmarried
21 (24.14%)
11 (20.00%)
32 (22.54%)
0.681
Married
37 (42.53%)
37 (67.27%)
74 (52.11%)
0.006
Separated
5 (5.75%)
0 (0.00%)
5 (3.52%)
0.156
Divorced
20 (22.99%)
3 (5.45%)
23 (16.20%)
0.005
Widower/widow
4 (4.60%)
4 (7.27%)
8 (5.63%)
0.711
Missing
1
0
1
Religion
0.006
None
35 (39.77%)
13 (23.64%)
48 (33.57%)
0.046
Christianity
13 (14.77%)
2 (3.64%)
15 (10.49%)
0.080
Buddhism
19 (21.59%)
24 (43.64%)
43 (30.07%)
0.008
Taoism
21 (23.86%)
16 (29.09%)
37 (25.87%)
0.434
Economic source
0.558
Earned by self or saving
41 (53.25%)
22 (44.90%)
63 (50.00%)
0.465
Supported by family
34 (44.16%)
25 (51.02%)
59 (46.83%)
0.470
Supported by low-income subsidies from government
0 (0.00%)
1 (2.04%)
1 (0.79%)
0.389
Supported by disability benefits from government
1 (1.30%)
1 (2.04%)
2 (1.59%)
0.389
Others
1 (1.30%)
0 (0.00%)
1 (0.79%)
1.000
Missing
11
6
17
Supporting system
0.002
From religion
15 (17.05%)
2 (3.92%)
17 (12.23%)
0.030
From family
29 (32.95%)
33 (64.71%)
62 (44.60%)
<0.001
From medical staffs
25 (28.41%)
7 (13.73%)
32 (23.02%)
0.060
From friends
19 (21.59%)
9 (17.65%)
28 (20.14%)
0.825
Missing
0
4
4
The sample statistics presented in this table were deviation (SD) for continuous variables and frequency (percentage, %) for categorical variables. The listed values of statistical tests were calculated using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test for continuous variables and the Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables. ,, and .
