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| Themes | Categories (subthemes) | Codes | Meaning bearing units |
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| Medical management |
| Developing and following consistent routines and habits | Maintaining prevention strategies | Using existing healthcare strategies following advice | Cleaning and changing the catheter regularly following advice from doctors (A2, B1, A7, and B6)
Using a newspaper on top of a cushion and washing hands and clothes to keep things clean (A2, B1, A7, and B6)
Changing sitting posture, therapies for back pain (A1)
Doing pressure release every 20 min (A1, A5, B2, B5, A3, B4, and PC-A1)
Not putting pressure on one (skin) area (B2)
Changing body position frequently by transferring to other seats/beds (A1, PC-A1, and PC-B5)
Monitoring skin regularly to prevent pressure ulcers (A5, PC-B5)
Stretching and doing other exercises (A1, PC-A1, B3, PC-B3) |
| Following a balanced diet | Eating nutritious food
Avoiding unhealthy food | Bowel-bladder incontinence and infections were prevented by the following:
Eating healthy and nutritious food (A1, A5, B5, and B6)
Avoiding oily food and junk food (A1, A5, and PC-B5)
Having home-cooked foods (PC-A1)
Drinking plenty of water regularly (A2, A5, and B1)
Taking food in a timely manner and in small portions (A2) |
| Adopting strategies from trusted laypersons | Using medication following peer strategies | Taking antibiotics to obtain urine control, as advised by familiar persons (A4)
Learning first aid management strategies from peers to be healthy (A3) |
| Learning from bad experiences | Preventing recurrence | Using an additional cushion on a wheelchair seat after experiencing pressure ulcer while playing basketball (A5) |
| Self-trial toward mastery | Self-prescription
Trial | Taking medicine for urine infection based on the consultation with a lay relative in lieu of a physician (A3, PC-A3)
Changing medication dosage for urine infection following own judgments according to improvements (A4, PC-A4, PC-B1, B1, and B6) |
| Discovering new habits | Self-derived ideas
New ways | Creating a routine urination time to prevent incontinence due to inability to hold urine (B4)
Discovering the use of gel to prevent bleeding during catheterization (A4)
Finding out the way (breathing, waiting, the pressure to pee, and catheter usage) to manage tremor during catheterization (B5) |
| Solving problems | Dressing at home
Taking vitamin C | Dressing the pressure ulcer regularly at home because the hospital is far (B2, PC-B2). Drinking lemon juice for pressure ulcer recovery (B2) |
| Using health-promoting properties of daily activities | Active involvement in outdoor activities | Engaging in paid and unpaid work
Playing basketball
Doing a physical activity that influences physical improvement | Working in a computer/mobile phone repair shop requires frequent movement of the body (B3)
Doing business actively reduced the risk of pressure ulcers (B2, B3)
Removing objects from the top place helped release pressure from the buttocks (B3)
The routine of transferring to the vehicle to buy goods for stocking the shop improved physical condition (A5)
Going outside and riding in a vehicle minimized physical problems (A5)
Playing basketball decreased physical problems and improved balance (A3)
Doing exercise for physical improvement (required for returning to a job) reduced the risk of secondary complications (B3) |
| Emotional management |
| Developing authority over feelings and thoughts | Engaging in recreational activities | Participating in meaningful tasks
Recreation | Resuming life while upset and depressed through browsing the Internet (A1, A3, B4, B3, and B5), using social media (A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, B1, B2, B3, B4, and B5), watching television (B2, B5), chatting with friends (A1, A3, and B5), reading books and writing an autobiography (A1, B5), listening to music (A3, B2), playing mobile games (A1), and traveling for sightseeing (A1, B5) |
| Creating a positive environment | Changing situations
Avoiding unwanted moments | Going outside from home, where boredom and negative thinking were increased (A2)
Spending time alone away from all (A2)
Leaving the situation that created anger (B1) |
| Positive reframing | Positive thinking
Having faith in self
Setting an action plan | Thinking positively and making a fresh start against feeling depressed (A3, PC-A3)
Having faith in oneself for the future (A3)
Realizing that this is not the end of life (A4)
Eagerness to get back to studying (A4, A6)
Learning to be skillful in a wheelchair (A2)
Accepting the truth and planning for the future (PC-A6) |
| Self-guidance | Acceptance
Comparing with peers
Not feeling different | Admitting the consequences as natural and going with the flow (A1, PC-A5)
Explaining to self not to let the sorrows take control over their capacities (A5)
Convincing one’s mind that accidents happen (B2)
Gaining mental strength through seeing others in the same condition (A1)
Not feeling alone and taking inspiration from others with disabilities (B1) |
| Spiritual healing | Religious belief | Praying to God adds extra mental power to fight negativity (A3, B1, and A4)
Believing that God has a better plan (A1, A3, and PC-B4) |
| Family love and support | Encouragement of life
Motivating to move on
Being supported by close ones | Giving up committing suicide and thinking of wife’s and son’s futures (B3)
Arranging a tour by the family to cheer up the mind (B5)
Staying at one’s side and being consoled in tough times (A1, PC-A1)
Being encouraged to move ahead (A2) |
| Physical improvement facilitated happiness | Hope for becoming independent
Inspiring themselves to be active | Walking with frame replaced sorrows with happiness and inspiration for trying more (A4)
Improving balance brings a genuine smile to the face (B3) |
| Forming inner peace by rewards | Business in productive activity | Business
Spending quality time | Being busy in the shop gave the feeling of being a productive person and to never think about sorrows (B4)
Passing enjoyable moments in the shop because many people gather and chat (B1)
Spending time in the shop and producing income fight depression (B2) |
| Sense of pride | Being a topper
Employment | Becoming a top basketball player with remunerations improved confidence and willpower (A3)
Earning money equal or higher than that of normal people makes one proud and satisfied (B1, PC-B1) |
| Autonomy | Independence
Social identity
Achievement | Serving the family improved independence (B4)
Family and society gave importance to one’s opinion (B4)
Happy to gain a respectable social identity through running the shop (B2)
Achieving many things with a disability-inspired life (A2) |
| Role management |
| Regaining responsibilities in family and society | Contributing roles dynamically | Fulfilling family role
Becoming an advisor
Shifting roles | Managing father’s business during sickness (A2)
Helping mother with household chores (A2, A4, and A3)
Managing household work alone while the mother is at her job (A4)
Taking care of the child and home while the wife is at her job (B2, PC-B2)
Reducing the burden on a family member by helping oneself (A1) |
| Earning for the family through income-generating activities | Being head of the family
Serving the family
Relying on self
Building a career | Starting a poultry shop with good profit (A2)
Starting a shop after vocational training to serve as the head of the family (B1, B3, and B4)
Getting remuneration by playing basketball (A3)
Building up a career (A3, B1, B2, B4) |
| Being connected with others in any situation | Maintaining social connection | Talking over the phone instead of visiting sick elderly grandparents (A4)
Chatting with friends on social media to not lose them (B5)
Going sightseeing with old friends (B4)
Connecting with relatives via the Internet (B1) |
| Engaging in charitable activity | Helping others in need | Providing unconditional help | Repairing other persons’ wheelchairs without charge (A5)
Sending required items to peers in remote areas (A5, B1)
Advising peers living in remote areas (A5, B1)
Providing information and education to peers through a Facebook group (A1, A2, and B2) |
| Delivering social service | Giving a special discount
Raising awareness about accidents | Providing special discounts to disabled clients in the shop (B2)
Raising awareness among people about spinal cord injury, especially scarf injury (B1) |
| Management of social complexities |
| Relocating to another environment | Moving to a comfortable place | Moving to another place
Maintaining distance | Moving to a city area and creating a new start to avoid negative social attitudes (A3, A4, and B3)
Shifting to another place and keeping a good relationship with close people from a distance (A5) |
| Behaving in an assertive manner | Handling conflict with close people warmly | Emotional attachment | Convincing close people by asserting their need and using emotion when being deprived from usual support (B1, B2, and B3)
Showing modest behavior to gain empathy (B1, A1, and A5) |
| Dealing with social stigma | Changing perceptions | Giving a successful example of another person with SCI (A2, PC-A3)
Explaining the pathogenesis and prognosis of SCI to the society (A2, B2, B4, and A4) |
| Resigning to deprivation | Resource utilization
Compensation | Asking for help from traffic police to get on public transport when the driver denied (A5)
Continuing to study at home due to inaccessible toilet at the school (A5, B4) |
| Proving self-worth against social negligence | Building capability | Changing the attitude of a restaurant owner through paying the bills and giving tips (B4, PC-B4)
Showing the capability of living without support (B2) |
| Advocacy for social change | Stressing accessible environment | Ensuring accessibility | Asking the owner repeatedly for a ramp to the house (PC-A5)
Campaigning for an accessible entrance to the shopping mall (B1, A5, and PC-A5)
Raising awareness to build a ramp and elevator in a newly constructed building (A2, B2) |
| Claiming human rights | Disability rights | Asking for and raising awareness about disability special discount tickets and services in the museum (B1, B5, PC-B3, and B3)
Ensuring disability priority service in the hospital and public places (B2) |
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