Stress Management Training (SMT) Improves Coping of Tremor-Boosting Psychosocial Stressors and Depression in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease: A Controlled Prospective Study

Figure 1

Comparison of changes in psychosocial stress factors according to Kaluza, severity of depression (BDI), and quality of life (PDQ-8) in PD patients and controls after 8 weeks of SMT. The short-term changes in psychosocial stress factors according to Kaluza (warning signs for stress and stress-amplifying thoughts), severity of depression according to Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and quality of life (PDQ-8) of PD patients and controls from baseline (black bars) at the beginning of stress management training (SMT) to the end of SMT after 8 weeks (light grey bars) are shown. Differences in scale values refer to scales transformed to a score from 0 to 100 points (0–100%) for comparison purposes after conversion to POMP scores [33]. PD = patients with Parkinson’s disease; CON = healthy controls.