Stress Management Training (SMT) Improves Coping of Tremor-Boosting Psychosocial Stressors and Depression in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease: A Controlled Prospective Study

Table 2

Characteristics of participants at baseline prior to SMT.

	PD (n = 82)	CON (n = 30)	value	Test
Age [SD]	66.3 [8.16]	59.9 [15.8]	0.041	t‐test
Males (%)	39 (47.6 %)	12 (40 %)	0.48	Phi 0.067
BDI score [SD]	19.55 [11.72]	17.09 [10.99]	0.319	t‐test
PDQ-8 [SD]	25.82 [16.35]	5.77 (n = 24) [9.41]	<0.0001	t‐test
Warning signs for stress [SD]	29.13 (n = 80) [17.51]	29.31 (n = 29) [16.70]	0.961	t‐test
Stress-amplifying thoughts [SD]	39.36 (n = 81) [22.72]	39.52 (n = 29) [18.73]	0.973	t‐test
Disease duration (months) [SD]	5.96 (n = 79) [0.51], range 1–23	NA	NA
Disease severity (Hoehn and Yahr) [SD]	2.15 (n = 79) [0.08], range 1–4	NA	NA

Data are shown as means with standard deviation [SD]. Significantly different frequencies between groups as detected in an unpaired 2-tailed t-test with are labeled with an asterisk. “BDI”: Beck Depression Inventory [22, 23]; “PDQ-8”: Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire with 8 questions [24].