Stress Management Training (SMT) Improves Coping of Tremor-Boosting Psychosocial Stressors and Depression in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease: A Controlled Prospective Study

Table 4

PDQ-8, stress-amplifying thoughts, and warning signs for stress.

PD patients (n = 82)																				Controls (n = 30)
Scales with subitems	Baseline			Short term (8 weeks)			Long term (3–6 months)			Short-term mean (8 weeks) − baseline mean (paired 2-tailed t-test)					Long-term mean (3–6 months) − baseline mean (paired 2-tailed t-test)					Baseline			Short term (8 weeks)			Short-term mean (8 weeks) − baseline mean (paired 2-tailed t-test)
	n	Mean	SD	n	Mean	SD	n	Mean	SD	Diff.	t value	df	p(t)	Sig.	Diff.	t value	df	p(t)	Sig.	n	Mean	SD	n	Mean	SD	Diff.	t value	df	p(t)	Sig.
Mobility	82	22.56	20.75	80	20.97	21.18	48	22.57	21.69	−1.32	−0.86	78	0.392		−0.75	−0.42	47	0.676		24	4.75	8.65	19	5.85	10.39	0.46	0.57	17	0.579
Activities of daily living	82	21.34	18.14	80	21.25	18.09	48	20.66	18.77	0.00					0.78	0.44	47	0.659		24	2.43	11.05	19	3.29	13.36	0.23	1.00	17	0.331
Emotional well-being	82	30.44	23.21	80	26.56	18.79	48	27.26	19.01	−3.65	−2.02	79	0.046		−4.60	−2.00	47	0.051		24	6.60	11.32	19	9.21	16.23	1.62	0.72	17	0.484
Stigma	82	24.01	23.40	80	20.08	17.78	48	16.93	16.46	−3.36	−1.68	79	0.097		−3.26	−1.18	47	0.242		24	4.69	10.14	19	4.61	12.65	−0.69	−0.46	17	0.651
Social support	82	15.96	20.12	80	14.37	19.67	48	15.28	19.25	−1.67	−0.92	79	0.359		−0.69	−.23	47	0.816		24	1.39	5.31	19	1.75	5.94	0.00
Cognition	82	33.92	22.29	80	31.41	19.84	48	29.69	19.01	−2.27	−1.16	79	0.251		−2.21	−0.81	47	0.421		24	11.72	19.79	19	11.18	16.35	−2.08	−1.06	17	0.302
Communication	82	24.29	20.46	80	22.08	19.08	48	21.18	18.11	−1.88	−0.96	79	0.341		−2.78	−1.03	47	0.307		24	2.78	9.73	19	3.51	9.34	0.00
Bodily discomfort	82	34.04	25.97	80	30.42	22.15	48	33.85	21.91	−3.44	−1.42	79	0.159		0.00					24	11.81	21.41	19	9.21	16.41	−4.17	−1.84	17	0.083
Ø PDQ-8 score	82	25.82	16.35	80	23.39	14.03	48	23.43	13.30	−2.20	−1.76	79	0.082		−1.69	−1.18	47	0.244		24	5.77	9.41	19	6.08	10.27	−0.58	−1.42	17	0.174
Be perfect	82	36.83	29.48	79	34.30	26.97	48	25.83	24.91	−1.90	−0.65	78	0.515		−6.88	−1.82	47	0.074		30	37.00	29.84	22	27.73	31.91	−6.36	−2.19	21	0.040
Be popular	82	46.46	27.23	79	34.94	25.86	48	32.08	26.65	−11.14	−4.38	78	0.000		−13.13	−3.89	47	0.000		30	47.00	27.18	22	30.00	29.44	−12.27	−2.69	21	0.014
Be strong	82	39.27	22.98	79	34.94	20.99	48	36.04	19.76	−3.92	−1.85	78	0.068		−0.21	−0.09	47	0.929		30	38.00	17.30	22	35.45	15.95	−4.55	−1.52	21	0.144
Be on your guard	82	47.44	27.79	79	40.51	27.87	48	36.25	24.20	−6.33	−2.53	78	0.013		−6.88	−1.79	47	0.081		30	46.67	23.24	22	34.55	24.83	−11.36	−2.49	21	0.021
I cannot	81	29.38	25.07	79	23.29	23.68	48	17.29	17.95	−6.71	−3.27	78	0.002		−11.46	−4.10	47	0.000		29	31.03	22.57	22	22.73	23.54	−7.73	−2.51	21	0.020
Ø Stress-amplifying thoughts	81	39.36	22.72	79	33.59	21.62	48	29.50	18.49	−6.00	−3.10	78	0.003		−7.71	−3.23	47	0.002		29	39.52	18.73	22	30.09	22.06	−8.45	−3.34	21	0.003
Physical warnings	80	31.79	19.38	80	26.43	16.29	48	27.98	16.93	−4.95	−3.27	77	0.002		−3.34	−1.76	46	0.084		29	28.69	16.41	22	24.84	14.31	−4.55	−1.17	21	0.255
Emotional warnings	81	35.80	25.29	80	25.10	24.82	48	25.69	23.50	−10.23	−4.61	78	0.000		−10.82	−3.42	46	0.001		30	43.06	28.03	21	28.97	24.24	−14.68	−2.68	20	0.014
Cognitive warnings	81	29.84	24.15	80	23.13	21.46	48	21.18	16.84	−6.12	−3.19	78	0.002		−7.98	−3.06	46	0.004		30	30.83	23.48	22	28.03	22.94	−5.30	−1.17	21	0.256
Warnings in behaviour	81	19.68	14.52	80	16.25	11.88	48	17.13	14.17	−3.23	−2.31	78	0.024		−1.18	−0.56	46	0.579		30	22.41	17.11	22	17.93	13.82	−4.80	−1.21	21	0.241
Ø Warning signs for stress	80	29.13	17.51	80	23.02	15.47	48	23.63	14.75	−5.66	−4.35	77	0.000		−4.86	−2.78	46	0.008		29	29.31	16.70	21	24.56	13.12	−6.39	−1.74	20	0.098

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