The CuePed Trial: How Does Environmental Complexity Impact Cue Effectiveness? A Comparison of Tonic and Phasic Visual Cueing in Simple and Complex Environments in a Parkinson’s Disease Population with Freezing of Gait

Table 3

The frequency and duration of freezing episodes and the time taken to complete the obstacle course under the off, tonic, and phasic visual cue conditions. Data represent means and standard deviations.

	Visual cue modality			Main effect	Pairwise comparisons
	Off	Tonic	Phasic	value	Off vs. tonic	Off vs. phasic	Tonic vs. phasic
FoG frequency (n)	2.88 (2.69)	1.82 (2.24)	1.71 (1.57)	0.192
FoG duration (s)	28.88 (43.91)	18.41 (48.41)	15.35 (36.07)	0.173
Course time (s)	99.76 (51.83)	82.65 (55.12)	81.06 (43.07)	0.357

Note. Off = no visual cue; tonic = continuous visual cue (i.e., gait-independent); phasic = FoG-sensitive visual cue (i.e., gait-dependent).