Predictive Factors of Concerns about Falling in People with Parkinson’s Disease: A 3-Year Longitudinal Study

Table 1

Participants’ characteristics at baseline and univariable linear regression analyses with FES-I scores at the 3-year follow-up as the dependent variable, N = 151.

Independent variables	Mean	Missing	Univariable regression analyses
	(SD)	n	B (95% CI); β	value
Age (years)	68 (9.0)	—	0.629 (0.397, 0.860); 0.403	<0.001
Sex (women = 1), n (%)	53 (35.1)	—	6.28 (1.64, 11.0); 0.214	0.008
Motor symptoms (UPDRS III)	28.9 (12.4)	—	0.380 (0.207, 0.553); 0.335	<0.001
Fluctuations (yes), n (%)	92 (61.7)	2	4.08 (−0.549, 8.70); 0.142	0.084
ADL: needing help (PADLS, yes), n (%)	33 (21.9)	—	16.2 (11.4, 21.1); 0.481	<0.001
Mobility device used outdoors (yes), n (%)	69 (45.7)	—	12.3 (8.24, 16.5); 0.439	<0.001
Walking difficulties (Walk-12G)	14.8 (10.6)	2	0.900 (0.743, 1.06); 0.683	<0.001
History of falls past 6 months (yes), n (%)	64 (42.7)	1	6.72 (2.25, 11.2); 0.237	0.003
Freezing of gait (FOGQsa i.3, yes), n (%)	79 (52.3)	—	13.0 (9.00, 17.1); 0.465	<0.001
Dual task: balance problems (yes), n (%)	93 (61.6)	—	14.6 (10.5, 18.7); 0.508	<0.001
Orthostatism (NMSQuest i.20, yes), n (%)	78 (51.7)	—	7.70 (3.34, 12.1); 0.275	0.001
Living alone (yes), n (%)	30 (19.9)	—	5.21 (−0.398, 10.9); 0.149	0.068
Cognitive functioning (MoCA)	25.7 (3.12)	2	−1.33 (−2.02, −0.637); −0.298	<0.001
General self-efficacy (GSE)	29.7 (6.19)	1	−0.811 (−1.15, −0.466); −0.357	<0.001
Pain (yes), n (%)	97 (64.2)	—	8.37 (3.84, 12.9); 0.287	<0.001
Depressive symptoms (GDS-15)	2.69 (2.84)	4	2.05 (1.30, 2.80); 0.411	<0.001
Fatigue (NHP-EN, yes), n (%)	79 (52.3)	—	10.5 (6.26, 14.7); 0.374	<0.001

FES-I = Falls Efficacy Scale-International (16–64, higher = worse); UPDRS = unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale (part III = motor examination, 0–108, higher = worse); ADL = activities of daily living; PADLS = Parkinson’s disease ADL scale (those who scored >2 were classified as needing help from others in daily activities); Walk-12G = generic walk-12 (0–42, higher = worse); FOGQsa = self-administered version of the freezing of gait questionnaire, (those who scored >0 were classified as having freezing of gait); NMSQuest = nonmotor symptoms questionnaire; MoCA = Montreal Cognitive Assessment (0–30, higher = better); GSE = general self-efficacy scale (10–40, higher = better); GDS-15 = geriatric depression scale (0–15, higher = worse); NHP-EN = energy subscale of the Nottingham health profile (those who affirmed at least one out of three dichotomous questions were classified as having fatigue). i = item number. All dichotomous variables are scored as 0 or 1 (1 = yes).