The Current State of Parkinsonism in West Africa: A Systematic Review

Table 5

Symptoms and signs of PD described.

Category	Symptom or sign	Brief description	References
Primary motor symptoms	Resting tremor	Slight tremor in the hand or foot on one side of the body	[7, 16, 17, 20, 24, 26, 32, 37]
	Bradykinesia	Difficulty with repetitive movements	[17, 20, 24, 26, 32, 37]
	Rigidity	Stiffness and inflexibility of the limbs, neck, and trunk	[7, 16, 17, 20, 24, 26, 37]
	Postural instability	Tendency to be unstable when standing upright	[17, 24, 37]
Secondary motor symptoms	Freezing of gait	Hesitating before stepping and exaggerated first step	[17, 24, 32]
	Micrographia	Shrinkage in handwriting	[24]
	Hypomimia	Decreased expressiveness of the face	[24]
	Falls	Falling due to instability	[24, 32]
	Speech problem	Dysarthria, drooling, and excess saliva	[17, 24, 30, 33, 37]
	Dysphagia	Difficulty in swallowing	[22, 25, 29, 30, 34]
Nonmotor symptoms	Cognitive disorders	Delusion, hallucination, depression, agitation, anxiety, apathy, anxiety, irritability, forgetfulness	[17, 21, 23, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 33]
	Pain	Generalised body pains	[16, 17, 21, 24, 33]
	Sleep disorder	Insomnia, interrupted sleep, excessive daytime sleepiness	[16, 17, 21, 24, 33, 37]
	Autonomic dysfunction	Cardiovascular disorders	[42]
	Pulmonary problems	Reduced vital capacity	[14]
	Sialorrhea	Excessive salivation	[21, 34]
	Mood disorder	Persistent low mood	[33, 37]
	Sweating	Excessive sweating	[17, 33]
	Genitourinary disorders	Urinary incontinence, urinary urgency	[21]
	Gastrointestinal disorders	Constipation, indigestion, and abdominal pain	[17, 20–22, 25, 34]