Clinical Features of Parkinson’s Disease in Patients with Early-Onset Freezing of Gait
Table 1
Comparison of clinical parameters between FOG and non-FOG patients.
Total PD (n = 53)
Freezers (n = 8)
Nonfreezers (n = 45)
value
Demographic
Age (years)
69.0 (64.0−72.0)
68.1 ± 7.8
69.0 (64.0−71.0)
0.471
Sex (male/female)
29/24
4/4
25/20
0.534
Side of onset (right/left)
29/24
4/4
25/20
0.534
Disease duration (years)
0.8 (0.5−1.3)
0.8 ± 0.4
0.8 (0.5−1.3)
0.951
MRI/CT abnormal findings (n)
3
1
2
0.364
Assessment scale
MMSE score
28.0 (27.0−29.0)
27.0 (27.0−29.0)
29.0 (26.0−29.0)
0.583
TMT-A
45.5 (36.8−57.1)
57.5 ± 14.8
44.4 (36.2−50.8)
0.056
TMT-B
114.5 (91.8−157.2)
133.9 ± 28.4
114.0 (91.0−156.7)
0.399
TMTB-A
67.1 (52.1−96.4)
76.4 ± 21.7
66.5 (52.0−96.3)
0.655
CDT
10.0 (10.0−10.0)
10.0 (10.0−10.0)
10.0 (10.0−10.0)
0.989
FAB
15.0 (14.0−17.0)
15.0 (13.0−15.0)
16.0 (14.0−17.0)
0.086
BADS
103.9 ± 14.4
94.1 ± 14.1
105.4 ± 14.0
0.054
BDI-II
5.0 (4.0−10.0)
9.0 ± 4.3
5.0 (2.0−7.0)
0.063
AS
9.0 (5.0−16.0)
15.5 ± 4.1
8.0 (4.0–13.0)
0.018
OSIT-J
5.3 ± 2.7
5.6 ± 1.9
5.3 ± 2.8
0.785
Modified HY stage
2.0 (2.0−2.5)
3.0 (2.8−3.0)
2.0 (1.5−2.0)
<0.001
UPDRS part III score
13.0 (9.0−18.0)
30.0 ± 10.9
11.0 (7.0−16.0)
<0.001
Tremor score
2.0 (1.0−4.0)
1.5 (1.0−2.0)
3.0 (1.0−4.0)
0.321
PIGD score
2.0 (0.0−3.0)
6.6 ± 1.8
1.0 (0.0−2.0)
<0.001
FOG-Q
2.0 (1.0−3.0)
10.1 ± 2.5
2.0 (0.0−3.0)
<0.001
Gait analysis
Mean gait cycle duration
1.22 ± 0.10
1.18 ± 0.12
1.23 ± 0.10
0.245
Mean gait acceleration amplitude
1.79 ± 0.39
1.45 ± 0.29
1.85 ± 0.38
0.006
Amount of daily movement
0.41 ± 0.12
0.28 ± 0.09
0.43 ± 0.11
<0.001
Data are median (interquartile range) or a number of patients. values by the Mann–Whitney U test, except for those marked with an asterisk (), which are by Pearson’s chi-squared test. FOG: Freezing Of Gait; MMSE: Mini-Mental State Examination; TMT-A: Trail Making Test-A; TMT-B:Trail Making Test-A; TMT-B-A:Trail Making Test Part B minus Part A; CDT: Clock Drawing Test; FAB: Frontal Assessment Battery; BADS: Behavioral Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome; BDI-II: Beck Depression Inventory, Second Edition; SAS: Starkstein Apathy Scale; OSIT-J: Odor Stick Identification Test for Japanese; Modified HY stage: modified Hoehn and Yahr stage; UPDRS part III score: Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale part III score; Tremor score: the sum of UPDRS “tremor items” 16, 20, and 21; Postural instability and gait disorder (PIGD) score: the sum of UPDRS “PIGD items” 13–15, 29, and 30; FOG-Q: Freezing of Gait Questionnaire.
