Prevalence and Factors Associated with Drooling in Parkinson’s Disease: Results from a Longitudinal Prospective Cohort and Comparison with a Control Group
Table 1
Disease-related characteristics, motor and nonmotor symptoms, and autonomy for activities of daily living and quality of life in patients with and without drooling at the baseline in the entire cohort (n = 691) and in PD ≤ 2 y (N = 184).
Without drooling entire cohort (N = 414)
With drooling entire cohort (N = 277)
Without drooling PD ≤ 2 y (N = 120)
With drooling PD ≤ 2 y (N = 64)
Age
61.8 ± 9.29
63.79 ± 8.21
0.008
61.68 ± 8.54
63.39 ± 7.84
0.252
Males (%)
54.3
69
<0.0001
55
60.9
0.269
Weight (kgs)
75.37 ± 13.83
76.56 ± 13.34
0.341
75.84 ± 14.75
75.75 ± 11
0.755
Disease duration (years)
5.31 ± 4.24
5.8 ± 4.55
0.136
1.33 ± 0.73
1.22 ± 0.75
0.332
L-dopa eq. daily dose (mg)
512.73 ± 409.22
646.01 ± 410.21
<0.0001
303.51 ± 242.63
343.11 ± 256.34
0.296
Number of non antip. drugs
2.45 ± 2.43
2.79 ± 2.62
0.106
2.72 ± 2.44
2.94 ± 2.66
0.680
Motor phenotype (%)
0.899
0.995
Tremoric dominant
45.6
44.9
58.8
57.8
PIGD
39.1
38.4
27.7
29.7
Indeterminate
15.3
16.7
13.4
12.5
Hoehn and Yahr-OFF
2 [1.5, 2]
2 [2, 2]
0.031
2 [1.5, 2]
2 [1.5, 2]
0.186
Stage from 3 to 5 (%)
8.6
10.5
0.257
2.9
1.7
0.526
UPDRS-III-OFF
20.97 ± 10.56
25.17 ± 11.59
<0.0001
17.56 ± 8.46
21.69 ± 9.68
0.005
Hypomimia (%)
79.8
86.9
0.011
74.6
81
0.219
UPDRS-IV
1.79 ± 2.34
2.33 ± 2.48
<0.0001
0.86 ± 1.38
1.16 ± 1.54
0.136
Motor fluctuations (%)
29.1
38.3
0.008
6.7
12.5
0.148
Dyskinesia (%)
17.5
21.2
0.137
2.6
6.6
0.190
FOGQ
3.3 ± 4.36
4.53 ± 4.78
<0.0001
1.75 ± 2.81
3.05 ± 3.66
0.031
Patients with FOG (%)
30.1
42
0.001
16.7
31.2
0.019
Patients with falls (%)
10.8
17.2
0.011
6.6
15.6
0.034
PD-CRS total score
92.52 ± 15.97
89.36 ± 15.25
0.006
92.18 ± 15.44
88.09 ± 13.73
0.077
NMSS
37.69 ± 32.09
57.28 ± 42.55
<0.0001
32.85 ± 28.08
56.4 ± 37.17
<0.0001
Dysphagia (%)
15.5
34.7
<0.0001
13.3
31.2
0.004
BDI-II
8.12 ± 7.18
9.64 ± 7.43
0.002
7.15 ± 6.98
10.81 ± 7.51
<0.0001
Major depression (%)
13.3
20.2
0.010
11.7
25
0.018
NPI
5.12 ± 6.99
7.58 ± 9.36
0.001
4.2 ± 6.52
7.34 ± 6.95
<0.0001
QUIP-RS
3.96 ± 7.63
4.97 ± 9.07
0.254
3.42 ± 7.66
2.93 ± 7.46
0.312
PDSS
116.83 ± 25.32
111.98 ± 28.8
0.027
119.45 ± 25.19
111.22 ± 32.04
0.110
VAS-PAIN
2.51 ± 2.94
2.9 ± 2.93
0.046
2.37 ± 2.9
3.18 ± 2.79
0.046
VASF − physical
2.83 ± 2.79
3.2 ± 2.68
0.038
2.55 ± 2.9
2.78 ± 2.43
0.211
VASF – mental
1.93 ± 2.5
2.47 ± 2.58
0.002
1.85 ± 2.51
2.56 ± 2.51
0.035
ADLS
89.49 ± 10.64
86.85 ± 10.15
<0.0001
92.08 ± 8.39
89.22 ± 10.12
0.053
Functional dependency (%)
8.2
10.5
0.186
4.2
7.8
0.238
PDQ-39SI
15.15 ± 12.6
20.11 ± 14.33
<0.0001
12.4 ± 11.33
19.01 ± 13.91
<0.0001
EUROHIS-QOL8
3.83 ± 0.54
2.71 ± 0.56
0.005
3.91 ± 0.56
3.64 ± 0.48
0.001
The results represent percentages, mean ± SD, or median (p25, p75). The chi-squared and Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon tests were applied for comparisons between patients with and without drooling at the baseline. Data about H&Y and UPDRS-III are during the OFF state (first thing in the morning without taking medication in the previous 12 hours). ADLS: Schwab and England Activities of Daily Living Scale); antip.: antiparkinsonian; BDI: Beck Depression Inventory-II; NMSS: Nonmotor Symptoms Scale; NPI: Neuropsychiatric Inventory; PD: Parkinson’s disease; PD ≤ 2 y: PD with ≤2 years from symptom onset; PD-CRS: Parkinson’s Disease Cognitive Rating Scale; PDSS: Parkinson’s Disease Sleep Scale; PIGD: Postural Instability Gait Difficulty; QUIP-RS: Questionnaire for Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders in Parkinson’s Disease-Rating Scale; UPDRS: Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; VAFS: Visual Analog Fatigue Scale; VAS-Pain: Visual Analog Scale-Pain.
