Prevalence and Factors Associated with Drooling in Parkinson’s Disease: Results from a Longitudinal Prospective Cohort and Comparison with a Control Group

Table 2

Factors associated with drooling at the baseline in the entire cohort (n = 691) and in the PD ≤ 2 y group (N = 184).

	OR^a	OR^b	95% CI^a	95% CI^b	^a	^b
Entire cohort
Age	1.026	1.025	1.008–1.044	1.004–1.046	0.004	0.019
Male	1.806	2.165	1.308–2.493	1.486–3.153	<0.0001	<0.0001
LEDD	1.001	1.000	1.001–1.002	1.000–1.001	<0.0001	0.172
UPDRS-III	1.035	1.018	1.020–1.050	1.001–1.037	<0.0001	0.047
NMSS	1.015	1.011	1.010–1.019	1.005–1.016	<0.0001	<0.0001
Dysphagia	2.901	2.274	2.016–4.173	1.476–3.505	<0.0001	<0.0001
PD ≤ 2 y group
UPDRS-III	1.052	1.034	1.014–1.090	0.994–1.076	0.006	0.096
NMSS	1.022	1.017	1.012–1.033	1.005–1.029	<0.0001	0.004
Dysphagia	2.995	2.002	1.401–6.229	0.858–4.672	0.004	0.108

Dependent variable: drooling at V0 (NMSS-item 19 ≥ 1). OR (odds ratio) and 95% ICare shown. ^aunivariate analysis; ^bmultivariate analysis; entire cohort, R² = 0.19; Hosmer and Lemeshow test,  = 0.226; PD ≤ 2 y, R² = 0.19; Hosmer and Lemeshow test,  = 0.774. LEED: levodopa equivalent daily dose (mg/day); NMSS: Nonmotor Symptoms Scale; PD ≤ 2 y: PD with ≤2 years from symptom onset; UPDRS: Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale.