Prevalence and Factors Associated with Drooling in Parkinson’s Disease: Results from a Longitudinal Prospective Cohort and Comparison with a Control Group

Table 3

Predictors of drooling after the 2-year follow-up in the entire cohort (N = 481) and in the PD ≤ 2 y group (N = 127).

	OR^a	OR^b	95% CI^a	95% CI^b	^a	^b
Entire cohort
Age	1.033	1.032	1.011–1.056	1.007–1.057	0.003	0.012
Male	2.023	2.333	1.396–2.932	1.540–3.536	<0.0001	<0.0001
UPDRS-III at V0	1.028	1.016	1.010–1.047	0.995–1.038	0.002	0.097
NMSS at V0	1.010	1.020	1.005–1.016	1.011–1.030	<0.0001	<0.0001
PDQ-39SI at V0	1.016	0.978	1.002–1.031	0.955–1.002	0.024	0.069
Change from V0 to V2 in NMSS	1.006	1.012	1.001–1.011	1.006–1.019	0.042	<0.0001
PD ≤ 2 y group
Age	1.037	1.037	0.994–1.082	0.984–1.092	0.096	0.098
Male	1.707	2.064	0.845–3.450	0.886–4.810	0.136	0.093
UPDRS-III at V0	1.121	1.093	1.056–1.191	1.025–1.166	<0.0001	0.007
NMSS at V0	1.019	1.013	1.007–1.032	0.998–1.032	0.128	0.082

Dependent variable: drooling at V2 (NMSS-item 19 ≥ 1). OR (odds ratio) and 95% IC are shown. ^aunivariate analysis; ^bmultivariate analysis; entire cohort, R² = 0.33; Hosmer and Lemeshow test,  = 0.163; PD ≤ 2 y, R² = 26; Hosmer and Lemeshow test,  = 0.788. LEED: levodopa equivalent daily dose (mg/day); NMSS: Nonmotor Symptoms Scale; PD ≤ 2 y: PD with ≤2 years from symptom onset; PDQ-39SI: 39-item Parkinson’s disease Questionnaire Summary Index; UPDRS: Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale.