Parkinson’s Disease

Research Article

Prevalence and Factors Associated with Drooling in Parkinson’s Disease: Results from a Longitudinal Prospective Cohort and Comparison with a Control Group

Table 4

Factors associated with drooling severity after the 2-year follow-up in the entire cohort (N = 481) and in the PD ≤ 2 y group (N = 127).


	β^a	β^b	95% CI^a	95% CI^b	^a	^b

Entire cohort
Age	0.114	0.083	0.015–0.127	−0.001–0.109	0.013	0.052
Male	0.112	0.136	0.252–2.199	0.568–2.445	0.014	0.002
UPDRS-III at V0	0.207	0.087	0.060–1.054	−0.003–0.093	<0.0001	0.068
NMSS at V0	0.359	0.492	0.039–0.063	0.052–0.089	<0.0001	<0.0001
PDQ-39SI at V0	0.240	−0.110	0.063–1.135	−0.098–0.007	<0.0001	0.087
Change from V0 to V2 in NMSS	0.073	0.221	−0.003–0.125	0.020–0.048	0.110	<0.0001
PD ≤ 2 y group
UPDRS-III at V0	1.121	0.272	1.056–1.191	0.038–0.204	<0.0001	0.005
NMSS at V0	1.019	0.272	1.007–1.032	0.009–0.049	<0.0001	0.005

Dependent variable: drooling_V0+V1+V2 score. β standardized coefficient and 95% IC are shown. ^aunivariate analysis; ^bmultivariate analysis; entire cohort, R² = 0.21; Durbin–Watson test = 1.92; PD ≤ 2 y, R² = 22; Durbin–Watson test = 1.94. NMSS: Nonmotor Symptoms Scale; PD ≤ 2 y: PD with ≤2 years from symptom onset; PDQ-39SI: 39-item Parkinson’s disease Questionnaire Summary Index; UPDRS: Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale.