The Rehabilitative Effect of Archery Exercise Intervention in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease

Table 1

The distribution of sociodemography and factors related to PD progression between the experimental and control groups at the baseline.

Outcome variables	Experimental group (N = 16)	Control group (N = 15)	M-W U (Z)/χ^2 (df)	value
	N (%)/mean (SD)	N (%)/mean (SD)
Sociodemographic characteristics
Age (years)	69.38 (7.25)	67.20 (10.73)	102.00 (−0.71)	0.476
Sex
Male	9 (56.3)	11 (73.3)	0.99 (1)	0.320
Female	7 (43.7)	4 (26.7)
Education
Junior or less (<9 years)	5 (31.3)	7 (46.7)	0.78 (1)	0.379
Senior or more (≥9 years)	11 (68.7)	8 (53.3)
Religion
Yes	10 (62.5)	10 (66.7)	0.06 (1)	0.809
No	6 (37.5)	5 (33.3)
Marital status^†
Single	1 (6.3)	1 (6.7)		0.654
Married	14 (87.5)	11 (73.3)
Divorced	1 (6.3)	1 (6.7)
Widowed	0 (0.0)	2 (13.3)
Family income (NT$)^†
<20,000	2 (12.5)	2 (13.3)		0.142
20,000–39,999	3 (18.8)	7 (46.7)
40,000–59,999	3 (18.8)	3 (20.0)
≥60,000	8 (50.0)	2 (13.3)
Missing	0 (0.0)	1 (6.7)
PD disease status
Time length (years)	4.65 (5.83)	5.47 (4.92)	90.00 (−1.19)	0.233
Hoehn and Yahr scale^†
Stage I	1 (6.3)	1 (6.7)		1.000
Stage II	11 (68.8)	10 (66.7)
Stage III	3 (18.8)	3 (20.0)
Stage IV	1 (6.3)	1 (6.7)
Drug dosage taken (mg)
Levodopa	372.66 (336.10)	370.00 (290.24)	113.00 (−0.28)	0.781
Benserazide	26.95 (26.98)	40.00 (49.43)	110.00 (−0.40)	0.687
Carbidopa	14.06 (35.32)	15.00 (42.05)	115.00 (−0.31)	0.758
Amantadine	59.38 (73.53)	23.33 (56.27)	83.50 (−1.69)	0.091
Pramipexole	0.12 (0.26)	0.11 (0.26)	119.00 (−0.06)	0.954
COMT	75.00 (204.94)	20.00 (77.46)	112.00 (−0.62)	0.538
Exercise^†
≤4 hours/week	6 (37.5)	4 (26.7)		0.704
>4 hours/week	10 (62.5)	11 (73.3)

Note: ^†denotes using fisher exact test; M-W U: the Mann–Whitney U statistic; Z: the Z-test score.