The Rehabilitative Effect of Archery Exercise Intervention in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease
Table 3
The within-group and between-group differences in the outcome variables after the intervention period.
Outcome variables
Experimental group (N = 15)
Control group (N = 14)
Between groups (N = 29)
Post-test
Difference(a)
Effect size
value
Post-test
Difference(a)
Effect size
value
Difference(b) in difference
Effect size
value
Mean (SD)
Mean (SD)
η
Mean (SD)
Mean (SD)
η
Z score
η
PPT
Right hand
13.04 (3.33)
1.77 (1.45)
0.802
0.002
9.99 (2.15)
−0.30 (1.11)
0.190
0.477
2.07 (−3.40)
0.631
0.001
Left hand
12.06 (3.22)
1.06 (1.40)
0.609
0.018
9.00 (2.95)
−0.53 (0.99)
0.477
0.074
1.59 (−2.93)
0.544
0.003
Both hands
9.60 (3.05)
1.02 (1.19)
0.668
0.010
7.11 (2.27)
−0.34 (0.97)
0.450
0.092
1.36 (−2.99)
0.555
0.003
UPDRS
UPDRS I
2.47 (1.96)
−2.07 (2.71)
0.656
0.011
5.54 (2.90)
0.18 (2.89)
0.120
0.654
−2.22 (−2.01)
0.372
0.045
UPDRS II
6.97 (4.00)
−2.77 (3.37)
0.681
0.008
15.25 (9.09)
1.04 (3.87)
0.113
0.673
−3.81 (−2.21)
0.411
0.027
UPDRS III
23.80 (9.07)
−6.00 (9.92)
0.638
0.013
42.31 (14.87)
3.10 (8.01)
0.315
0.239
−9.10 (−2.53)
0.470
0.011
Physical fitness
BMI
24.38 (2.74)
−0.09 (0.92)
0.081
0.755
24.65 (2.82)
−0.19 (0.37)
0.428
0.110
0.10 (−0.57)
0.105
0.570
Waist-hip ratio
0.89 (0.08)
0.01 (0.05)
0.138
0.594
0.95 (0.19)
−0.01 (0.07)
0.048
0.859
0.02 (−0.42)
0.077
0.678
UE flexibility
−12.50 (16.36)
5.10 (6.84)
0.617
0.017
−21.75 (20.70)
−1.46 (11.87)
0.014
0.959
6.56 (−1.75)
0.325
0.080
LE flexibility
3.07 (8.83)
8.00 (9.24)
0.714
0.006
−6.86 (10.84)
2.86 (6.82)
0.412
0.123
5.14 (−1.38)
0.256
0.168
UE muscle strength
15.67 (5.30)
0.27 (6.26)
0.037
0.887
13.29 (4.87)
−3.07 (5.73)
0.486
0.069
3.34 (−1.27)
0.237
0.203
LE muscle strength
18.00 (4.79)
4.14 (2.38)
0.824
0.001
11.57 (4.05)
0.57 (2.53)
0.137
0.609
3.57 (−3.24)
0.601
0.001
Cardio endurance
44.60 (9.34)
7.60 (8.24)
0.734
0.004
29.79 (12.31)
3.50 (6.16)
0.478
0.074
4.10 (−1.34)
0.248
0.182
Right static balancing
16.52 (13.14)
−2.05 (9.63)
0.107
0.678
13.71 (12.43)
−2.16 (5.76)
0.396
0.139
0.11 (−1.39)
0.242
0.193
Left static balancing
16.18 (12.31)
−1.39 (12.52)
0.162
0.530
12.35 (10.79)
−0.27 (2.92)
0.127
0.635
−1.12 (−1.48)
0.274
0.140
TUG test
9.90 (5.17)
−1.44 (1.04)
0.851
0.001
11.23 (5.18)
0.07 (2.11)
0.126
0.638
−1.51 (−2.05)
0.381
0.040
Note: (a) denotes the within-group difference = (post-test-baseline). (b) denotes the between-group difference = (the experimental-group difference’s mean-the control-group difference’s mean). η denotes the effect size obtained from dividing the absolute value of the Z score by squared N.
