Cranial Nerve Affection in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Assessed by Corneal Confocal Microscopy, Smell and Taste Tests

Table 3

Clinical and biochemical variables and relative risk ratios for abnormal nerve test.

Variable (n = number with abnormal test/total number)	Relative risk ratio (confidence interval 95%)
	Cornea nerve fiber density (n = 17/59)	Smell test (n = 6/52)	Taste test (n = 12/52)
HbA1c, current (mmol/mol (%))
>75 [9] (n = 7)	1.14 (0.25, 5.26)	3.00 (0.26, 34.57)	0.92 (0.13, 6.46)
53–70 [7–9] (n = 41)	1.20 (0.30, 5.60)	0.90 (0.11, 7.12)	0.79 (0.25, 2.49)
<53 [7] (n = 12)	1.00	1.00	1.00
HbA1c, mean of all values last 5 yrs (mmol/mol (%))
>75 [9] (n = 5)	1.47 (0.35, 6.21)	2.50 (0.39, 16.05)	1.25 (0.26, 6.07)
53–70 [7–9] (n = 42)	1.07 (0.37, 3.15)	0.39 (0.08, 2.05)	0.46 (0.17, 1.27)
<53 [7] (n = 11)	1.00	1.00	1.00
Diabetes duration (yrs)
>10 (n = 17)	0.54 (0.18, 1.65)	1.23 (0.25, 6.03)	2.22 (0.85, 5.79)
5–10 (n = 43)	1.00	1.00	1.00
Age (yrs)
17 to <19 (n = 17)	1.88 (0.87, 4.09)	NaN	1.11(0.26, 4.81)
15 to <17 (n = 43)	1.00	1.00
Gender
Male (n = 30)	0.86(0.38, 1.92)	1.56 (0.28, 8.56)	1.30 (0.47, 3.56)
Female (n = 30)	1.00	1.00	1.00
Time in range (%)
<50 (n = 19)	0.79 (0.27, 2.31)	0.42 (0.05, 3.73)	0.30 (0.07, 1.21)
≥50–70 (n = 25)	1.00	1.00	1.00
Total insulin dose per weight per day (IE/kg/day)
>1 (n = 13)	1.47 (0.64, 2.54)	0.75 (0.10, 5.74)	1.24 (0.40, 3.82)
≤1 (n = 46)	1.00	1.00	1.00
Basal insulin dose per weight per day (IE/kg/day)
≥0.5 (n = 15)	0.63 (0.21, 1.89)	0.96 (0.13, 7.23)	0.34 (0.05, 2.35)
<0.5 (n = 44)	1.00	1.00	1.00
Basal/total insulin dose ratio
>0.5 IE (n = 23)	1.20 (0.54, 2.68)	1.89 (0.42, 8.42)	0.94 (0.33, 2.71)
≤0.5 IE (n = 37)	1.00	1.00	1.00
Other microvascular complications
Yes (n = 5)	0.68 (0.11, 4.09)	NaN	NaN
No (n = 55)	1.00	1.00	1.00
Body mass index SDS
>1 (n = 15)	1.22 (0.52, 2.90)	2.71 (0.62, 11.90)	2.71 (1.05, 7.03)
≤1 (n = 44)	1.00	1.00	1.00
Waist to height ratio
≥0.5	2.31 (1.08, 2.35)	3.33 (0.77, 14.42)	3.21 (1.31, 7.89)
<0.5	1.00	1.00	1.00
Cholesterol (mmol/l)
≥5 (n = 12)	0.80 (0.28, 2.35)	2.00 (0.42, 9.42)	1.33 (0.44, 4.04)
<5 (n = 46)	1.00	1.00	1.00
LDL (mmol/l)
>3 (n = 10)	0.63 (0.17, 2.32)	2.28 (0.49, 10.59)	1.52 (0.51, 4.51)
≤3 (n = 48)	1.00	1.00	1.00
Triglycerides (mmol/l)
≥2 (n = 3)	2.40 (0.97, 5.95)	NaN	NaN
<2 (n = 55)	1.00	1.00	1.00
Smoking status
Smoke (n = 6)	0.60 (0.09, 3.82)	2.20 (0.30, 16.04)	NaN
Previous (n = 6)	1.81 (0.72,4.55)	3.67 (0.57, 23.39)	1.33 (0.12, 18.19)
Never (n = 48)	1.00	1.00	1.00
Alcohol (units/week)
≥8 (n = 9)	0.42 (0.06, 2.86)	NaN	0.58 (0.07, 4.72)
4–7 (n = 17)	1.20 (0.52, 2.75)	NaN	0.80 (0.25, 2.58)
≤3 (n = 34)	1.00	1.00	1.00
Activity (hrs/week)
≤3 (n = 19)	1.47 (0.53, 4.03))	1.00	1.25 (0.40, 3.91)
4–7 (n = 19)	1.39 (0.50, 3.84)	NaN	0.84 (0.22, 3.21)
≥8 (n = 22)	1.00	1.00	1.00

NaN, not a number. None with abnormal smell test had an age between 17 and <19 years, microvascular complications, triglycerides ≥2, alcohol consumption at 4 units or more per week, and an activity level between 4 and 7 hrs./week. None with abnormal taste test had microvascular complications and triglycerides ≥2 and were smoking. Bold values = significant increased relative risk score. If the relative risk ratio >1, the confidence interval does not include 1.