Hypoglycemia Awareness Trajectories in Young People with Type 1 Diabetes Using Flash Glucose Monitoring

Table 1

Baseline characteristics of the study population according to the four trajectories.

	Overall population n = 225	Trajectory 1 always NAH n = 82	Trajectory 2 → NAH n = 40	Trajectory 3 → IAH n = 28	Trajectory 4 always IAH n = 59	p-Value tot
Baseline gold score	2 (1–4)	1 (1–2)	4 (3–4)	2 (1–2)	4 (3–4)	<0.001
Age (years)	12.2 ± 3.2	13.1 ± 2.7	11.5 ± 3.1	10.6 ± 3.3	12.5 ± 3.2	<0.001
Age <9 years, n (%)	42 (19)	6 (7)	11 (28)	9 (32)	11 (19)	0.003
Male gender, n (%)	110 (49)	42 (51)	18 (45)	15 (54)	32 (54)	0.925
Age at diagnosis (years)	7.0 ± 3.6	7.7 ± 3.7	6.2 ± 3.1	6.7 ± 3.2	6.9 ± 3.6	0.192
Diabetes duration (years)	5.1 ± 3.2	5.3 ± 3.4	5.2 ± 2.6	3.8 ± 2.7	5.5 ± 3.5	0.205
Insulin regimen, n (%)						0.187
Freemix plus	187 (83)	67 (82)	31 (78)	24 (85)	52 (88)	0.530
MDI	17 (8)	10 (12)	3 (6)	1 (3)	3 (5)	0.246
CSII	21 (9)	5 (6)	6 (16)	3 (11)	4 (7)	0.160
C-peptide negative, n (%)	151 (67)	44 (54)	22 (55)	21 (75)	39 (66)	0.146
HbA1c (%)	7.7 ± 1.2	8.0 ± 1.3	7.7 ± 1.0	7.7 ± 1.2	7.6 ± 1.1	0.159
SH, n	0.2 ± 0.5	0.1 ± 0.2	0.2 ± 0.5	0.1 ± 0.3	0.4 ± 0.9	0.004
SH/participant, n (%)						0.029
No event	197 (88)	77 (94)	33 (83)	26 (93)	46 (78)	0.036
One event	19 (8)	5 (6)	5 (13)	4 (14)	6 (10)	0.801
More than one event	10 (4)	0	2 (5)	1 (4)	7 (12)	0.001
Nocturnal event	12 (5)	3 (4)	3 (8)	0	6 (10)	0.132
Scans, n/day	7.5 ± 4.5	7.3 ± 4.5	8.4 ± 4.6	6.6 ± 3.2	7.7 ± 5.1	0.601
Time spent in target range (%)	41 ± 13	41 ± 14	43 ± 15	42 ± 12	41 ± 12	0.883
Time spent below 70 mg/dL (%)	14 ± 8	12 ± 7	13 ± 6	15 ± 7	17 ± 10	<0.001
Time spent below 54 mg/dL (%)	6 ± 5	5 ± 4	6 ± 4	7 ± 5	8 ± 5	0.002
Coefficient of variation (%)	52 ± 8	51 ± 8	53 ± 8	53 ± 7	54 ± 8	0.172
Low blood glucose index	3.9 ± 3.1	3.1 ± 1.8	4.1 ± 3.3	3.8 ± 2.0	4.9 ± 2.9	0.015

All values are shown as mean ± SD excluding Gold score as median (IQR) and gender, insulin regimen, C-peptide negativity, and participants with SH as n (%). Comparisons between groups were performed using one-way ANOVA or χ² test or Fisher’s exact test (gender, insulin regimen, C-peptide negativity, IAH, severe SH/participant) depending on the subgroup size. The threshold for significance of comparisons within each panel was /15 or . Abbreviations: MDI, multiple daily injections; CSII, continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; IAH, impaired awareness of hypoglycemia; IQR, interquartile range; NAH, normal awareness of hypoglycemia; SD, standard deviation; SH, severe hypoglycemia. Results in bold values are considered as statistically significant.