Increased Use of Hyperosmolar Therapy for Suspected Clinically Apparent Brain Injury in Pediatric Patients with Diabetic Ketoacidosis during the Peak of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Table 4

Comparison of sociodemographic characteristics of patients presenting with suspected clinically apparent brain injury (CABI) before the COVID-19 pandemic, patients presenting with suspected CABI during the pandemic, and cases presenting with diabetic ketoacidosis but without suspected CABI during the pandemic.

Characteristics	Group			Test statistic	value
	Suspected CABI before pandemic (group 1, n = 18)	Suspected CABI during pandemic (group 2, n = 18)	DKA without suspected CABI during pandemic (group 3, n = 141)
Sociodemographic variables (mean ± SD ^† or proportion)
Age (years)	11.3 ± 4.4	10.9 ± 3.4	11.9 ± 4.2	H = 1.801	0.41
Female sex	39%	28%	44%	χ ^2 = 1.791	0.41
Race/ethnicity				FHH exact test = 6.474	0.30
Black or African American	35%	18%	22%
Hispanic or Latino	0%	0%	14%
White	65%	82%	63%
Other	0%	0%	3%
Public insurance	39%	44%	42%	FHH exact test = 2.495	0.60
Caregiver health literacy score	4.9 ± 1.1	5.3 ± 1.4	5.1 ± 1.3	H = 2.077	0.35
Caregiver occupation code	1.4 ± 0.9	1.3 ± 1.2	1.7 ± 1.0	H = 3.349	0.18
Presence of intact family	61%	67%	58%	χ ^2 = 0.506	0.78
Developmental/psychiatric concerns in child	56%	39%	29%	χ ^2 = 5.420	0.07

^†Although means and standard deviations were reported for all variables, nonparametric testing was performed for comparison of mean ranks in the cases where data in at least one group were not normally distributed and/or there were unequal variances across the groups. Abbreviations: CABI, clinically apparent brain injury; DKA, diabetic ketoacidosis; SD, standard deviation; FHH, Fisher-Freeman-Halton.