Incidence Trends of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Medication-Induced Diabetes, and Monogenic Diabetes in Canadian Children, Then (2006–2008) and Now (2017–2019)
Table 3
Comparison of clinical characteristics of Type 2 diabetes mellitus at presentation in Cohorts 1 and 2.
Cohort 1 2006–2008 (N = 227)
Cohort 2 2017–2019 (N = 332)
Age
Median years (IQR)
14.0 (12.3, 15.7)
14.1 (12.5, 15.7)
<10 years (%)
18 (7.9)
14 (4.2)
Sex
Female (%)
132 (58)
185 (55.7)
Family history
Affected family membera (%)
185 (91)
294 (88.6)
In-utero diabetes exposureb (%)
81 (35.7)
147 (44.3)
Hemoglobin A1c
Mean (SD)
9.6 (3.0)
9.6 (2.7)
Median (IQR)
8.7 (5.4, 18.2)
9.1 (5.3, 11.7)
BMI
Median (IQR)
31.0 (27.1, 35.8)
33.3 (28.3, 38.1)
Median z-score (IQR)
2.84 (2.30, 3.57)
2.93 (2.29, 3.84)
BMI group
Normal weight (%)
10 (4.4)
10 (3.0)
Overweight (%)
10 (4.4)
17 (5.1)
Obese (%)
196 (86.3)
292 (87.9)
Missing (%)
11 (4.9)
13 (3.9)
Asymptomatic at diagnosis (%)
85 (37.4)
146 (44.0)
Diabetic ketoacidosis (%)
22 (9.7)
23 (6.9)
Comorbidity
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (%)
16/132 (12.1)
27/305 (8.9)
Dyslipidemia (%)
78/174 (44.8)
183/279 (65.6)
Hypertension (%)
58/205 (28.3)
142/302 (47.0)
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (%)
39/176 (22.2)
74/282 (26.2)
Albuminuria (%)
21/148 (14.2)
59/228 (25.9)
Note: aFirst- or second-degree relative. bGestational diabetes mellitus, maternal Type 1 diabetes mellitus, or maternal Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Greater than 85th (overweight) and 95th (obesity) percentile, respectively, based on WHO Growth Charts for Canada 2014.
