Household Food Insecurity and Cognition in Youth and Young Adults with Youth-Onset Diabetes

Table 1

Sample characteristics of youth and young adults with youth-onset type 1 or type 2 diabetes in the SEARCH study, according to household food insecurity.

Characteristic	Overall	Type 1 diabetes		p Value	Type 2 diabetes		p Value
		Food insecure	Food secure		Food insecure	Food secure
	n = 1,574	n = 227	n = 1,013		n = 104	n = 230
		18.3%	81.7%		31.4%	68.6%
Age (years), mean	20.8	21.0	20.8	0.6174	25	24.5	0.2812
Sex (%)				0.3497			0.2633
Female	57.2	56.8	53.4		73.1	67.0
Male	42.8	43.2	46.6		26.9	33.0
Race and ethnicity (%)				<0.0001			0.0143
Minority racial and ethnic groups^a	51.5	55.5	40.7		74.0	85.2
Non-Hispanic White	48.9	44.5	59.3		26.0	14.8
Glycemic control (%)				<0.0001			0.6792
Higher HbA1c levels	47.3	58.8	41.8		57.7	55.3
Lower HbA1c levels	52.7	41.2	58.2		42.3	44.7
Diabetes duration (months), mean	133.9	134.1	133.8	0.9230	122.6	124.5	0.7178
Take any insulin (%)				0.0358			0.7807
No	10.1	2.2	0.7		43.1	44.8
Yes	89.9	97.8	99.3		56.9	55.2
Clinic site (%)				0.0388			0.0281
1	23.1	25.1	18.0		37.5	37.0
2	16.3	13.7	16.6		16.4	17.8
3	30.3	30.4	33.1		25.0	20.4
4	17.8	13.7	18.4		11.5	21.7
5	12.5	17.2	13.9		9.6	3.0
Household income^b (%)				<0.0001			0.0008
<$25,000	25.9	35.9	16.5		58.5	46.1
$25,000–$49,000	24.9	34.9	20.0		38.3	32.0
$50,000–$74,000	15.1	20.7	16.1		2.1	9.5
$75,000+	34.1	8.5	47.4		1.1	12.4
Education^b,c (%)				<0.0001			0.8842
<HS	7.3	7.1	5.8		11.5	12.2
HS graduate	18.4	21.1	12.7		32.7	34.9
Some college	32.4	40.5	28.9		40.4	35.8
Bachelor’s degree	41.9	31.3	52.6		15.4	17.0
HbA1c (%), mean	9.2	9.9	9.0	<.0001	9.3	9.6	0.4034
Composite fluid cognition, mean	93.2	93.7	96.2	0.0406	84.3	83.4	0.6688
Picture vocabulary (crystallized), mean	101.0	100.9	104.4	0.0018	92.5	90.1	0.1448
Flanker inhibitory control and attention (fluid), mean	83.6	84.1	85.3	0.2186	79.0	77.6	0.3591

^aMinority race includes Hispanic and non-Hispanic minority race and ethnic groups. ^bTotal will not equal 1,574 for this variable due to missing data. ^cHighest Education level of parent. Indicates statistical significance of .