Glycated Hemoglobin is a Significant Predictor of Femoral, but Not of Carotid or Popliteal, Intima-Media Thickness in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes: A Case-Series Study
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of adolescents with type 1 diabetes summarized according to the HbA1c levels.
Variables
Total
HbA1c (%)
value†
≤7
>10
N
286
63
180
43
HbA1c (%)
8.4 ± 1.9
6.3 ± 0.5
8.3 ± 0.8
11.6 ± 1.7
HbA1c (mmol/mol)
67.8 ± 20.2
45.8 ± 4.9
66.8 ± 9.1
103.8 ± 18.4
Age (years)
15.9 ± 4.9
14.8 ± 4.4
16.2 ± 5.1
16.2 ± 4.6
0.115
Age of onset (years)
8.5 ± 4.1
9.7 ± 4.2
8.0 ± 4.0
8.9 ± 3.8
0.145
Duration of diabetes (years)
7.5 ± 4.7
5.7 ± 4.0
8.1 ± 4.9
7.8 ± 3.7
0.008
Male (%)
42.0
44.4
43.3
32.6
0.267
BMI (kg/m2)
20.2 ± 3.3
19.4 ± 3.3
20.4 ± 3.3
20.6 ± 3.2
0.051
Waist (cm)
69.5 ± 9.4
67.5 ± 11.7
69.8 ± 8.4
70.8 ± 9.4
0.051
Systolic BP (mmHg)
115 ± 11
112 ± 10
115 ± 11
114 ± 11
0.255
Diastolic BP (mmHg)
68 ± 7
66 ± 7
69 ± 7
68 ± 7
0.142
Fasting glucose (mg/dL)
184 ± 79
139 ± 47
190 ± 78
229 ± 89
<0.001
TC (mg/dL)
174 ± 36
162 ± 26
176 ± 33
200 ± 44
<0.001
Triglycerides (mg/dL)
66 ± 37
56 ± 28
65 ± 35
87 ± 47
<0.001
HDL-C (mg/dL)
67 ± 14
66 ± 15
68 ± 13
67 ± 15
0.596
TC/HDL-C
2.7 ± 0.7
2.5 ± 0.6
2.7 ± 0.6
3.1 ± 1.0
<0.001
Non-HDL-C (mg/dL)
109 ± 33
96 ± 25
108 ± 30
133 ± 45
<0.001
LDL-C (mg/dL)
95 ± 32
82 ± 21
95 ± 30
116 ± 39
<0.001
sd-LDL-C (mg/dL)
19 ± 10
15 ± 5
19 ± 10
26 ± 15
<0.001
Albumin (g/dL)
4.4 ± 0.2
4.5 ± 0.2
4.4 ± 0.2
4.4 ± 0.3
0.071
Creatinine (mg/dL)
0.83 ± 0.15
0.81 ± 0.15
0.84 ± 0.15
0.78 ± 0.14
0.672
Est. CCR (mL/min)
95 ± 21
94 ± 23
94 ± 18
101 ± 24
0.138
AST (U/L)
20 ± 6
21 ± 5
20 ± 6
20 ± 6
0.122
ALT (U/L)
13 ± 6
13 ± 5
12 ± 5
15 ± 8
0.078
UA (mg/dL)
4.5 ± 1.1
4.7 ± 1.2
4.5 ± 1.1
4.3 ± 1.3
0.048
hs-CRP (mg/dL)
0.59 ± 1.21
0.23 ± 0.33
0.67 ± 1.42
0.77 ± 1.02
0.028
AGEs (AU)
1.82 ± 1.03
1.52 ± 0.66
1.78 ± 0.90
2.42 ± 1.64
<0.001
Data are presented as means ± SD for continuous variables and percentages for binary variables. †-value is for testing the trend with adjustment for sex and age. AGEs, advanced glycation end-products; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BP, blood pressure; Est. CCR, estimated creatinine-clearance rate; HDL-C, HDL cholesterol; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; LDL-C, LDL cholesterol; sd, small-dense; TC, total cholesterol; UA, uric acid.
